Scientific American Volume 64 Number 08 (February 1891)

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[Entered at the Post Office of New York, N. T„ as Second Class Matter. Copyrighted, ism. by Mimn eft Co.]

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1, Firing a Coston light to warn a ship offshore. 2. Taking the snrfboat to the shore. 8. Scene at a wreck — working the breeches buoy. 4. A surfman with life preserver. 5. The Francis llfccar. g. The breeches traoy,
7. C'outou light with handle. 8. Coston light detached from handle. 9. Rocket head. 10. Shot for guu, with li and 8 on. powder cartridges. 11. Direction board as attached to whip-liue block. 12. Canvas drag,
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NEW IORK, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 21, 1891.

Contents.

(Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.)

Air. centrifugal action of* 121

Astronomical expedition to Peru 120
Bareheaded, standing, at fune-
rals 116

Batteries, secondary, improve-
ment needed in 112

Bicycle treadle, Cushman's* 115

Cane mill pressure regulator,

Malhiot &, Lejeune's* 114

Carbonizing wool and rags 116

Carriage, steam, Ser pullet's*. 119

Coal in Tonquin 113

Cork worms.... 116

Croll, Dr. James ... 113

Earthquake in Northern Cali-
fornia 118

Earthquake photography 119

Electrical balance, a novel ..... 113
Electricity on printing presses,

preventing 114

Engines, triple expansion tug-
boat* 118

Falling apparatus, for 1.000 feet

drop* 114

Flower clock, the 117

Gauge cock, McCarter's* 115

Glass, iridescence of 114

Humming bird, the 119

Ice forming under water 116

Insulator, a new 115

Inventions, recently patented... 122

Lace curtains. American 113

Life-saving Service, the U. 8.*... Ill

Light, direct production of 118

Liquor dealers, number of 112

Locomotive, resistance of air to. 118

" Manna," a rain of

Memory

Metal, detection of flaws in

Metals, precious, mined in 1890..
Nasal mucous membrane, ma-
nipulation of the

Notes and queries

Oleomargarine and fats, testing.
Paste lor pnotograph mounting

Patent Office report for 1890.

Patents granted, weekly record..

Patent system centennial cele-
bration

Photograph toning solution(2837)

Photographs, road, prizes for

Photography, cannon ball

Polychromine

Rails, steel, low prices for

Railway trains, fast

Sea barrier, a novel

Snow worms

Soda Lake. California

Spirits consumed in the arts

Talcum, composition of

Telephone patents, the

Timber, preserving, for piles. ...

Trees and shrubs in grass

Veloci pede, I loyt's*

Water power of Lake Superior..

Water in resorvoirs, deteriora-
tion of

Well, the Del Norte artesian

Yellow fever, inocculation by
quitoes against

Yucatan, ruined cities in.... ....

TABLE OF CONTENTS OF

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT

ZLSTo- 790-

For the Week Ending February 21, 1891.

Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdt alere

page

I. ASTRONOMY.— An Astronomer's Imaginary Visit to Venus.— A

very graphic account of an imaginary trip to the planet Venus,

reminding one of Jules Verne. 12625

Photographic Equatorial Telescope.— A complex and powerful
instrument, recently constructed by Sir Howard Grubb, with de-
scription and illustration.— 4 illustrations 12626

II. CHEM1STRY.-Glycerine.-All about glycerine, what it is. Its
production, and uses •. 12624

III. CIVIL ENGINKBRING.-Wire Ropeways, with Notes on the
Plomosas Line.— By B. MCIntire.— The transportation of mate-
rials on ropeways, with illustrations of a Mexican installation.— 3
Illustrations 12619

IV. ELECTRICITY.— Transmission of Messages through the Air by
Electricity without Wires.— By John Tkowbridge— An admira-
ble paper on this interesting subject by the eminent physicist, in-
dicating the possibilities of the future in tbe way of aerial tele-
graphy.— 5 illustrations 13615

Electric Motive Power on Klevated Railways.— By Wm. Nelson*
Smith.— An imDressive article on the possible future of electri-
city on elevated roads, the inefficiency of the steam and practica-
bility of the electric motor 12617

V. FORESTRY.— Galls on Lime.— Illustration of the mite.— Its harm-
lessness.— 1 illustration 12627

The White Oak.— A full account of this valuable tree and of its
rapid disappearance for railway uses 12627

VI. FRUIT CULTURE.-Cultureof Fruit TreeB under Glass.-Eng-
lish and Continental practice, tbe use of hot houses for raising
fruit.— Numerous illustrations of houses and plants.— 10 illustra-
tions 12628

VII. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.-Osclllating Hot Saw.— A ma-
chine recently produced for the use of tbe Mannesman!. Tube Com-
pany, of London, for cutting hot iron.— a illustrations 12619

VIII. METALLURGY.- Action of Hydrogen Gas on Pig, Steel, and
Iron.— Important investigation on this point.— The separation of
sulphur from iron and steel described 12630

IX. MISCELLANEOUS.— Note on the Phonograph.— Number of in-
dentations in the word "hello.". 12618

X. NAVAL KNGINEERING.—Purdy's Armored Twin War Vessel.—
A war ship built on the catamaran principle carrying four turrets

on two hulls.— 4 illustrations 12630

XI. PHOTOGRAPHY.— A Multiple Portrait.— A reproduction of a
curious photograph.— Multiple portrait of the same person ob-
tained by the use of mirrors.— 2 illustrations 12621

XII. TECHNOLOGY.— Automatic Apparatus for the Manufacture of
Carbonated Waters.— A eas producing and bottling apparatus
working automatical! v. -2 illustrations... 12624

Stereotyping.— By Thomas Bolas.— The third lecture of this
important course, giving the chalk plate process, electrotypes and
many other stereotyping processes. — S illustrations 12621

PATENT OFFICE REPORT FOB 1890.

The Commissioner of Patents is required to make two
reports annually, one in the middle of the year, to the
Secretary of the Interior, and one at the close of the
year, to Congress.

The annual report to Congress for the year ending
Dec. 31, 1890, has lately been presented, from which it
appears that the business of the Patent Office has been
well maintained. In 1890 the number of applications
for patents made was 41,048, an increase of 500 over
the previous year. The number of patents issued for
1890 was 26,292.

The State of New York takes the lead in respect to
number of patents, 4,585 having been issued to her
citizens, 2,641 to Pennsylvania, 2,152 to Illinois, 2,096
to Massachusetts, 1,762 to Ohio, 1,112 to New Jersey;
Mississippi, 55.

In respect to patents and population, Connecticut
takes the lead, one patent having been granted to 796
of population ; District of Columbia, 1 to 980 ; Massa-
chusetts, 1 to 1,068; New York, 1 to 1,308; Mississippi, 1
to 23,447.

The receipts of the Patent Office for 1890 were $1,340,-
372, and the expenses $1,099,297, leaving an excess of
receipts over expenditures of $241,074.

The total balance to the credit of the patent fund
now in the Treasury is $3,872,745.

Commissioner Mitchell in his report says :

"The first need of the Patent Office is additional
room. During the past year the utmost effort and
ingenuity have been rendered necessary in order to
find space even for copies of patents as they have
been produced from week to week. The income from
these copies during the past year has been upward of
$60,000. They have been stored in various parts of
the building, upon different floors, in different halls
and corridors, and only by the most careful systeuiiza-
tion is a searcher, however experienced, enabled to
know in what hall, corridor, or cranny he must look in
order to find a particular patent. During the past
year the office has been compelled to appropriate to
other uses one of the rooms occupied by inventors and
their attorneys for the purpose of inspecting their
pending applications, and the consequence is that the
remaining room, which has only 23 feet square of
floor spae*, is overcrowded and every day occupied by
more than thirty persons at a time. An effort is now
being made to restore to the inventors and their attor-
neys the use of the other room formerly occupied by
them. This will be accomplished, if at all, by walling
off a space in the already crowded model halls. The
Scientific Library, containing about 60,000 volumes, is
crowded into disconnected rooms and galleries, ap-
propriated from one of the model halls. The rooms
of the examining divisions are overcrowded ; some of
them are unhealthy at best ; others are rendered un-
healthy by their crowded condition. From all parts
of the office arises a daily demand for additional room,
which cannot be supplied, but which must, neverthe-
less, be supplied if the Patent Office is to do its work
at all. It is nearly ten years since my predecessors di-
rected attention to this imperative need. Not a report
has been made to Congress during the interven-
ing decade which did not dwell upon the necessity for
additional room, and with increasing emphasis from
year to year. Meanwhile the amount of work an-
nually transacted has nearly doubled; meanwhile the
records and copies have vastly accumulated ; mean-
while the number of rooms and the extent of space
occupied by the Patent Office have become gradually
less and less. During the last six years the patrons of
the Patent Off ce have paid into the Treasury over a
million of dollars in excess of every expenditure of
every kind, either by the Patent Office or by the De-
partment of the Interior for the benefit of the Patent
Office. The net income of the present year is greater
than it was during the year before. Last year it was
greater than during the prior year. The inventors of
the country cannot understand why their money is
taken while adequate facilities are denied. The policy
of making the Patent Office a permanent source of
revenue— a bureau of taxation for the general pur-
poses of the government — has never been advocated,
so far as I know, by any one. The time will soon ar-
rive when it will be impossible to discharge the
functions of this bureau unless some provision is
made to afford relief for its overcrowded condition ;
and I earnestly request that that relief may be
afforded.''

The circulation of the Official Gazette is 7,000 copies
per week, of which 3,576 copies are given away to mem-
bers of Congress and other public officers, balance sold
at $5 a year. The cost of the Gazette is $61,439, or
about $44,000 a year more than is received, nearly all
of which comes out of the inventors.

The Commissioner strongly urges upon Congress
the necessity for an increased force in order to facili-
tate and perfect the system of official examinations.
He calls attention to the inadequacy of the present
salaries paid to examiners, and urges a reasonable in-
crease. He recommends a resumption of the work of
making an abridgment of all patents, as it would
greatly facilitate the work of examination, and enable

inventors and their attorneys to make their own exa
minations.

The laws relating to the date of patents, respecting
trade marks, limitation of patents, interference pro-
ceedings, need, in the opinion of the Commissioner, to
be modified. The report, taken as a whole, is a most
able and interesting document.

IMPROVEMENT NEEDED IN SECONDART BATTERIES.

The late Gaston Plante, the originator of the first
practical secondary battery, was in some respects like
Faraday.

He prosecuted his scientific investigations for the
love of science and for the benefit his labors might
confer in the future on science and the arts, rather
than from any immediate pecuniary benefit he might
derive from his work.

The invention of the Plante 1 secondary element bears
much the same relation to recent secondary batteries
that Faraday's discoveries in induction bear to the
dynamo. Both are fundamental, and of great scien-
tific and commercial importance, and both are repre-
sented by a host of modern inventions, but it is after
all a question whether the highest perfection has been
attained in these lines, notwithstanding years of de-
velopment. Cannot recent results, as wonderful as
they appear, be surpassed ? We believe they can. In
secondary batteries, for example, there are at least
three chances for improvement, viz., in efficiency, in
durability, and in the matter of weight.

The efficiency of the secondary battery, as compared
with alternate transformers, isasO'72 to - 94. In point
of durability, improvement is much needed. The
question of weight is of little importance in a stationary
plant, except in so far as it contributes to cost ; but in
portable batteries, undue weight becomes a serious
drawback.

The weight per horse power hour of the Plants bat-
tery is 396 pounds ; that of the Faure, according to Sir
W. Thomson, is 165 pounds ; while that of the E. P. S.
battery is about 135 pounds. What is wanted is a
lighter, more durable, and more efficient element. It
is not likely that marked improvement can be made
without patient, well directed effort, but we know of no
field of invention more promising than that to which
we refer.

The endeavor of the investigator in this line should
be to inaugurate a new departure. This, we know, is
easier said than done. It involves discovery rather
than invention, which means months and possibly
years of careful searching and experiment; but the
prospective reward warrants patient and intelligent

labor.

— — . in.

Detecting Olive Oil, Butter and Oleomargarine.

The reagent employed is a solution of silver nitrate
at 25 per 1,000 in ethylic alcohol at 95°. About 12 c.c.
of the oil in question and 5 c.c. of the reagent are
placed in a test-tube. The tube is then set in a beaker
of boiling water, and the changes of color which take
place in the liquids are watched through the glass.
Unless the oils are perfectly limpid, they must be
previously filtered. Olive oils sooner or later take a
fine green color, which is lighter in the superior
qualities. Pure cotton-seed oil is turned completely
black. Oil of earth nuts (Araehis) takes first a red-
brown color and finally turns green, losing its trans-
parency. Oil of sesame takes a deep red color and re-
mains reddish. Oil of colza takes yellowish green
colors and becomes turbid. Natural butter preserves
its natural color. Oleomargarine becomes a brick red,
which color may be detected even in samples con-
taining as little as 5 per cent of margarine. — Raoul

Brulle.

m i » i >

The number of retail liquor dealers in the United
States, according to the official returns of the officers
of the internal revenue for the year ending May 1, 1890,
was 185.868, or 1 liquor dealer to every 275 inhabitants,
on the basis of the census of 1880. In New York there
was 1 retail dealer in distilled liquors to every 150 in-
habitants ; in New Jersey, 1 to 175 ; in Ohio, 1 to 230 ;
in Pennsylvania and Massachusetts, 1 to 400 ; in Indi-
ana, 1 to 325 ; in Delaware, 1 to 160 ; and in California,
1 to 75. The average in all the States which have
general license laws is 1 dram shop to 250 inhabitants.
In Maine there is 1 retail dealer in distilled liquors to
every 750 inhabitants ; in Vermont, 1 to 820 ; in Iowa,

1 to 520 ; and in Kansas, 1 to 800.

•>««»-

The director of the central dispensary at Bagdad
has sent to La Nature a specimen of an edible sub-
stance which fell during an abundant shower in the
neighborhood of Merdin and Diarbekir (Turkey in
Asia) in August, 1890. The rain which accompanied
the substance fell over a surface of about ten kilo-
meters in circumference. The inhabitants collected
the " manna," and made it into bread, which is said to
have been very good and to have been easily digested.
The specimen sent to La Nature is composed of small
spherules. Yellowish on the outside, it is white with-
in. Botanists who have examined it say that it be-
longs to the family of lichens known as Leeanora es-
ciilenla.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.J

^tuntiixt ^mtvxtm.

"3

Detection of Flaws In Metal.

An instrument for detecting flaws in metal castings
and forcings, which is called the schiseophone, has been
invented by Captain De Place, of Paris. The apparatus,
says the London Times, consists of a small pneumatic
tapper worked by the hand, and with which the piece
of steel or iron to be tested is tapped all over. Con-
nected with the tapper is a telephone, with a micro-
phone interposed in the circuit. Two operatorsare re-
quired — one to apply the tapper, and the other to listen
through the telephone to the sounds produced. These
operators are in separate apartments, so that the direct
sounds of the taps may not disturb the listener, whose
province it is to detect flaws. The two, however, are
in electrical communication ; so that the instant the
listener hears a false sound, he can signal to his col-
league to mark the metal at the point of the last tap.
In practice, the listener sits with the telephone to his
ear ; and so long as the taps are normal, he does no-
thing. Directly a false sound — which is very distinct
from the normal sound — is heard, heat once signals for
the spot to be marked. By this means he is able not
only to detect a flaw, but to localize it. Under the
auspices of the Southeastern Railway Company, a
demonstration of the sch seophone was given recently
by Captain De Place at the Charing Cross Hotel, in
the presence of several members of the Ordnance Com-
mittee and other government officials. Some samples
of steel, wrought iron, and east iron, which had been
specially prepared and privately marked, were tested,
and in many cases the flaws therein were correctly
localized by the instrument. On the other hand, some
bars were broken at points where a flaw was indicated,
but where the metal proved perfectly sound. Conse-
quently, however ingenious the invention maybe, it
can hardly yet be called a practical success.

Trees and Shrubs In Grass.

The inquiry is made for the treatment, of trees and
shrubs growing in a smooth lawn, so as to retain their
richness and vigor, the well known retarding influence
of a dense grass surface tending to give them a feeble
and stunted appearance, with moss on their stems.
The two leading remedies are fertilizers and a free na-
tural or inherently strong growth. By the selection of
the most vigorous growers, we may overcome partly
the natural difficulty, which will apply to shade trees
as well as the larger shrubs. The smaller shrubs will
need, at least in their earlier years, a mellow and rich
soil, and if set in small groups or beds, the grass ground
in which they stand should be a circular or elliptical
bed, kept clean and mellow and occasionally enriched
with the application of such fertilizers as experience
has proved best adapted to that locality. These beds
should be simple and unobtrusive in their form, the
ornament consisting in the fine growths which they
contain. Arabesque beds, or those of fanciful shape,
are only adapted to low-growing bulbous plants, or to
annuals or herbaceous perennials which will not hide
the outline. There are, however, many strong-growing
perennials which will maintain their vigor entirely in
grass, after a few years of cultivation. It is better to
have fewer plants under the best care and in the best
condition than a promiscuous assemblage which is
crowded and stunted.

The check which is given to young trees by standing
in grass will vary much with the condition of the
grass. A tall and dense crop of timothy and clover
will generally be too much for even strong trees of
younger growth, sometimes destroying newly set ones.
A meadow is not the place to set young trees. A
sheep pasture is much better, the trees being shielded
from their attacks. If kept always grazed short, the
condition is still better. The want of the rank foliage
checks the roots, and there is a shorter growth of them.
Hence the reason that a closely shaven lawn is a better
place for trees. When the lawn is top-dressed annually
with a suitable fertilizer, it is in every way a more
favorable place than a dense meadow, or even a rich
pasture, care also being taken to let the clippings of
the lawn mower fall to the ground where they are cut.
The natural dressing of the falling leaves may be su-
perseded by the annual application of the fertilizers at
the same season of the year. It is important to let the
clippings remain, as they aid in preserving the moist-
ure of the soil, which otherwise might be dissipated
by the heat of the sun's rays.

As a general rule for treatment, therefore, plant no
trees in a meadow, nor in ground of a similar character.
Strong growers may do in a grazed pasture, if shielded
from the animals, and if mulched broadly while young.
Finished lawns are still better if annually top-dressed,
and the clippings from the weekly mowings remain on
the ground. Best of ail is a clean, mellow, cultivated
surface, wide enough for a free extension of the roots.
Large trees strike their roots deeper, and may do in
heavy grass.

The fertilizers which may be used will vary with the
condition or character of the soil. Bone ash has a
great effect on some soils only ; nitrate of soda on
others ; and wood ashes or land plaster on others — :
each to be determined by trial. Coarse barn manure,
although nearly always a strong aid to growth, is too

repulsive to be spread in lumps on a lawn near the
dwelling, and the only shape in which it may be used
is in a Sne compost, or in old manure broken fine and
spread evenly by passing through a Kemp spreader.

It should be well understood in this connection that
the smaller fruits, as raspberries and currants, as well
as dwarf pears, should stand in clean, well cultivated
ground in all cases, and receive a due share of fertiliz-
ers, although dwarf pears after becoming well estab-
lished may succeed in closely shaven grass, provided
the ground is kept annually enriched with manure.
These rules are not laid down as unalterable, but are
to be modified according to the natural fertility and
fitness of the soil. — Country Gentleman.

Water Power of Lake Superior.

Colonel Hope, of London, has, says the Canadian
Manufacturer, organized a company for utilizing the
enormous water power of Lake Superior and construct-
ing very extensive works in the vicinity of Sault Ste.
Marie. The waters of Lake Superior fall at the Sault
about 30 feet to the level of Lake Huron, and the ve-
locity has been recorded by General Powell, of the
United States service, as a little more than 90,000 cubic
feet a second. Colonel Hope, who has just returned
from spending several weeks on the spot, made careful
and accurate measurements and calculations, and finds
the actual velocity and volume of water to be 122,000
feet per second, equivalent to 236,000 horse power. His
company intend to build a tail race five miles long on
the Canadian side and a canal five miles long on the
American side. These canals will be each 1,000 feet
wide, the widest in the world. They will construct
large dry docks on both sides, to be filled and emptied
by gravitation. They will be the only dry docks in the
world, so far as Colonel Hope knows, filled and emp-
tied by this method. On the Canadian side all the
principal works will be above the rapids, and on the
American side below the rapids. The reason of this
is that the land for factories and mills is furnished on
the Canadian side above and on the American side be-
low the rapids. There will be blast furnaces and ship
yards, and it is expected that there will be paper mills,
pulp mills, flour mills and other industries, whose mo-
tive power will be supplied by this company, or by
one of the several subsidiary companies which it is the
intention of Colonel Hope's company to form.

Dr. James Croll.

The death is announced at Perth of that distinguished
writer, Dr. James Croll, F.RS., in his 70th year. Dr.
Croll had been suffering for a long time from a mortal
malady, but remained at his work almost to the last.
Without any of the advantages of early scientific train-
ing, Croll raised himself from a very humble social po-
sition to that of a recognized authority in his special
subjects, notably those connected with the relation of
climate to geological phenomena. Some years ago, by
the influence of Sir A. Ramsay, Croll, then resident in
Glasgow, was appointed an officer of the Geological
Survey of Scotland. Although best known by his work
on " Climate and Time," he was the author of several
others, such as "Climate and Cosmology," "Stellar
Evolution," and the "Philosophy of Theism." The
originality of his views frequently brought him into
controversy with scientific men, who, differing from his
opinions, learned to respect him as a doughty atago-
nis'' who had something to say and knew how to say it.
— .»,«. .

American Lace Curtains.

Messrs. John Bromley & Sons, of Philadelphia, Pa.,
who at present employ about 2,000 hands making rugs
and chenille curtains, have decided to commence the
manufacture of lace curtains. Mr. J. H. Bromley has
been to England, and after long and careful examina-
tion of the various makes of lace machines has placed
the order for the whole of the machinery and appara-
tus necessary to make the finished and taped curtains
from the raw material with Mr. John Jardine, of Not-
tingham.

We understand that Mr. Jardine has undertaken to
produce 5,000 pairs of finished curtains per week, in
Philadelphia, before turning over the plant to Messrs.

Bromley.

« in »

Coal in Tonquin.

The seams of coal have been known for something
like half a century. They crop out all round the bases
of the lowish hills which fringe thp shores of the Gulf
of Tonquin. One of the seams is 152 feet thick, of
almost solid coal. It is a semi-anthracite of very finp
quality, having about 87 per cent of fixed carbon and
from 7 to 12J^ per cent of volatile matter, from 2 to 3
per cent ash, free from pyrites, and of course quite
smokeless.

m < ■ > »

A NOVEL self acting electrical balance was recently
exhibited in Paris. The object to be weighed was
placed in the pan, by which the circuit was closed and
the motor put in operation which moved the weight
out on the beam of the balance. When the equipoise
was established the circuit was broken. Upon empty-
ing the pan the weight returned.

Centennial Celebration of the American Patent
System at Washington.

This promises to be one of the most interesting and
memorable affairs of the day. The following is the
preliminary programme :

First public meeting,* afternoon, April 8, 1891. To
be presided over by the President of the United States.

Sesond public meeting, April 8, 7 to 8:30 P. M. To
be presided over by the Hon. John W. Noble, Secre-
tary of the Interior.

Special reception to inventors and manufacturers
and the ladies who accompany them, at the Patent
Office, April 8, 9 to 11:30 P. M., by the Hon. John
W. Noble, Secretary of the Interior, and the Hon.
Charles Eliot Mitchell, Commissioner of Patents.

Third public meeting, afternoon, April 9. To be
presided over by Hon. Frederick Fraley, LL. D.,
President of the National Board of Trade and the
American Philosophical Society, and charter member
of Franklin Institute.

Fourth public meeting, evening, April 9. To be
presided over by Professor S. P. Langley, LL. D.,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Anniversary Day, April 10. — Anniversary of the
signing of the first American patent law — "An Act to
Promote the Progress of the Useful Arts " — by George
Washington.

10 A. M. Excursion to Mount Vernon, where an ad-
dress will be delivered by J. M. Toner, M. D., of
Washington, upon " Washington as an Inventor and
Promoter of Improvements."

Fifth public meeting, evening, April 10. — To be
presided over by Prof. A. Graham Bell. Addresses \
upon the following subjects are promised at the public
meetings :

Edward Atkinson, Ph. D., LL. D., of Massachusetts.
— Invention in its Effects upon Household Economy.

Dr. John S. Billings, Curator, U. S. Army Medical
Museum. — American Invention and Discoveries in
Medicine, Surgery, and Practical Sanitation.

Hon. Samuel Blatchford, Justice of the Supreme
Court of the United States.— A Century of Patent
Law.

Cyrus F. Brackett, M. D., LL. D., of New Jersey,
Henry Professor of Physics, College of New Jersey,
Princeton. — The Effect of Invention upon the Pro-
gress of Electrical Science.

Hon. Benjamin Butterworth, of Ohio, U. S. House
of Representatives. — The Effect of our Patent System
on the Material Development of the United States.

Octave Chanute, of Illinois, President of the Ameri-
can Society of Civil Engineers.— The Effect of Inven-
tion upon the Railroad and Other Means of Inter-
communication.

Professor F. W. Clarke, S. B., of Ohio, Chief Chemist
U. S. Geological Survey. — The Relations of Abstract
Scientific Research to Practical Invention, with Special
Reference to Chemistry and Physics.

Hon. John W. Daniel, of Virginia, U. S. Senator. —
The New South as an Outgrowth of Invention and the
American Patent Law.

Major Clarence E. Dutton, Ordnance Department.
U. S. A. —The Influence of Invention upon the Imple-
ments and Munitions of Modern Warfare.

Thomas Gray, C. E., B. Sc, F. R. S. E., of Indiana,
Professor of Dynamic Engineering, Rose Polytechnic
Institute, Terre Haute. — The Inventors of the Tele-
graph and Telephone.

Professor Otis T. Mason, Ph. D., of Virginia, Curator
U S. National Museum. — The Birth of Invention.

Hon. Charles Eliot Mitchell, of Connecticut, Com-
missioner of Patents. — The Birth and Growth of the
American Patent System.

Hon.O. H. Piatt, LL. D., of Connecticut, U. S.
Senator — Invention and Advancement.

Col. F. A. Seely, of Pennsylvania, Principal Ex-
aminer U. 8. Patent Office. — International Protection
of Industrial Property.

Hon. A. R. Spofford, LL. D., Librarian U. S. Con-
gress. — The Copyright System of the United States ;
Its Origin and its Growth.

Hon. Robert S. Taylor, of Indiana. — The Epoch-
making Inventions of America.

Robert H. Thurston. A. M., LL. D., Doc. Eng., of
New York, Director and Professor of Mechanical En-
gineering, Sibley College, Cornell University. — The
Inventors of the Steam Engine.

William P. Trowbridge, Ph. D., LL. D„ of New York,
Professor of Engineering, School of Mines, Columbia
College. — The Effect of Technological Schools upon
the Progress of Invention.

Hon. Edwin Willits, of Michigan, Assistant Secretary
of Agriculture. — The Relation of Invention to Agricul-
ture.

Hon. Carroll D. Wright, M. A., of Washington, Com-
missioner of Labor. — The Relation of Invention to
Labor.

* It is proposed to hold meetings for the organization of the National
Association of Inventors and Manufacturers on ihe afternoon of April 7,
and in the morning on April 8 and 9, and at such other times as may be
necessary.

t Addresses are also expected from prominent inventors and manufac-
turers at the meetings for the organization of the National Association.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

ii4

gtuntxiit %mtxum.

[February 21, 1891.

A BOLLEB FBESSTJBE BEGULATOB FOB CANE MILLS.
An improvement whereby a uniform and adjustable
pressure of the upper roll of a cane mill upon the cane
may be obtained, while the roll will yield for a hard
substance or an unusually large body of cane, is shown
in the accompanying illustration, and forms the sub-
ject of a patent issued to Messrs. Samuel M. Malhiot
and Camille A. Lejeune, of Albemarle, La. Pig. 1 is a
perspective and Fig. 2 a side view of a cane mill pro-
vided with this pressure regulator, Figs. 3 and 4 being
partial transverse sections. The lower journal boxes are
supported in fixed position, while the upper boxes are
adapted to slide in the housings, yokes resting on and
moving with the upper boxes, while a bolt passes down
through each yoke and through the
housings, as well as through the base and
lower fulcrum bars, a plate, and cross-
bars, below which it is keyed. To each
of the fulcrum bars is secured a cylindri-
cal steel bar, forming the fulcrums of
levers arranged on opposite sides of the
machine, the shorter arms of the levers
resting upon steel rollers which bear upon
the upper face of a plate with side flanges.
The flanges retain the rollers in place, and
the levers are arranged in two series of
three each, their outer ends being con-
nected by a cross-bar. Under each of
these cross-bars is a steam cylinder, with
its piston rod in contact with the bar.
The cylinders are connected by a pipe,
through a T in which steam is received
from the boiler, the supply pipe having a
check valve, a pressure regulator, a throt-
tle valve, and an ordinary safety valve,
arranged in the order named, together
with a steam gauge indicating the pres-
sure of the steam in the cylinders. When
steam is admitted to the cylinders, the re-
ducing valve is made to bring down the
boiler pressure to the working pressure required in the
mill, and the regulating valve and the safety valve are
then set accordingly. A large or small body of cane
then passed between the rolls is subjected to a uniform
pressure ; but when an unusually large body of cane is
fed, causing the upper roll to be suddenly lifted, the
movement of the pistons causes the check valve to
close, and steam is compressed in the cylinders and in
the pipes, the safety valve then opening. As soon as
the upper roll assumes its normal position, the check
valve opens automatically and the work proceeds as
before.

ingdown a very steep hill in a sleigh, and especially in
descending in an elevator car that is set rapidly in mo-
tion. A rapid vertical fall is a source of physiological
disturbances that are very keenly felt by many per-
sons. If such a fall assumes an exceptional character
of magnitude, it will give rise to a mixture of desire
and fear of exposing one's self to it that will constitute
a new source of perturbations. These latter are of the
same kind as those that a person experiences in rustic
swings, toboggan slides, merry-go-rounds, the sight of
abysses, etc.

Such is the field to be exploited.

A tower several hundred meters in height and a
closed cage constitute the plant. The maneuver issim-

MALHIOT

LEJETJNE'S PBESSUBE BEGULATOB

CANE

A FBOFOSED AFFABATTJS FOB A FALL OF 1,000
FEET.

Here is an idea on the subject of which it is, perhaps,
not without interest to learn the opinion of the public,
and which we recommend to American engineers at a
time when work on the Chicago exhibition is about to

pie: The passengers enter the cage, which is afterward
allowed to drop freely from the top of the tower. At
the end of 100 meters fall the velocity acquired is 45
meters per second, at the end of 200 meters it is 65 me-
ters, and at the end of 300 meters it is 77 meters. Now
the fastest trains make scarcely 30 meters per second,
and descents into mine shafts never exceed 15 meters
per second.

In order to render this maneuver practical, it suffices
to receive the passengers safe and sound at the end of
the trip, and to have it possible to rapidly raise the
cage again. As regards the first condition, that may
be realized without accident by giving the car the form
of a shell with a very long tapering point, and by re-
ceiving it in a well full of water of sufficient depth.

Mr. Charles Carron, an engineer at Grenoble, has
analytically studied the conditions in which the punc-
tuation of the water by such a shell would be effected,
and the reactions that the passengers would have to
support. The conclusions of this study show that
there is nothing, either theoretically or practically, op-
posed to its construction and to its operation in falls
reaching three hundred meters. The accompanying
figures give the general aspect of such a shell capable
of accommodating fifteen passengers falling from a
height of 300 meters. The principal dimensions of the
installation would be as follows : Internal diameter of
chamber, 3 meters ; height, 4 meters ; height of mat-
tress, - 5 meter ; height of cone, provided with a series
of internal cones set one into the other in order to pre-
vent the air from being compressed in the chamber
at the moment of immersion, 10 meters ; total weight,
11 tons ; displacement of the shell entirely submerged,
30 tons ; depth of the well, which is in the form of a
champagne glass with hollow foot (a form whose pro-
file has been determined in such a way as to prevent the
swell produced by the immersion of the shell from ex-
tending beyond the limits of the well), 55 meters ; dia-
meter at the upper part, 50 meters ; diameter from the
depth of 28 meters to the bottom, 5 meters. The pas-
sengers would be securely seated in arm chairs that
exactly followed the contours of their body.

This mode of high speed carriage, for returning from
an ascension of 300 meters, would not fail, through its
originality, to please a host of amateurs with a new
form of excitement. It appears therefore to possess
the wherewithal to tempt a bold builder. — A. Berges,
in La Nature.

Fig. 1.-CAGE FOB HIGH FALLS IN SFACE AND WELL
FOB ITS BECEFTION-DETAILS OF THE SEBIES OF
CONES.

begin. It concerns a class of matters in which the
habitual readers of La Nature are all particularly com-
petent to fix an opinion. It is a question of a fact that
the great towers that are now in vogue would permit
of realizing.

Every one knows the peculiar sensation that one
feels in falling vertically from a certain height, in rid-

Irldescence of Glass.

The iridescent film in glass is partially soluble in
water, the remainder being unattacked by hydrochloric
acid, but yielding easily to caustic soda. Both solu-
tions contain sodium, sulphuric acid and carbonic acid.
The portion insoluble in acid can only be silica, no
lime being found even by the spectroscope. The film
exists only on one side of the glass, and must be formed
during the final heating, being probably caused by the
sulphurous acid in the burning gases, which acts on
the surface of the glass, forming sodium sulphate and
silicate, the latter being subsequently decomposed into
free silica, which separates out in the amorphous
form. — A. Jolles and F. Wallenstein.

A Novel Sea Barrier.

On the northern shore of the Duddon estuary, in the
county of Cumberland, there has been steadily worked
during the last twenty years or more an important
mine, producing a large quantity of rich red hematite
iron. The ore having been excavated or "won "as
close to the sea margin as it has been possible to work
without letting down the surface of the land and ad-
mitting the influx of the sea, thereby drowning the
mine, the company have recently obtained a fresh
lease, undertaking to construct a barrier to keep back
the sea along that portion of the estuary in front of
the mine, in order that they might " win" the ore from
underneath some twenty-six acres of the sea bed. To
effect this object a massive and substan-
tial sea barrier has now been constructed.
This may justly be regarded as unique in
character, inasmuch as it is at one and
the same time a breakwater and a water
tight dam. By means of this work the
sea was about three months since finally
and successfully excluded from the area
above mentioned. This great sea barrier
presents an imposing appearance. It is
just two-thirds of a mile in length, and
for about one-half this length is fully
50 feet in height from the bottom of the
foundations to the top of the parapet.
At high water of high spring tides there
is a depth of rather more than twenty
feet against the seaward face of the work;
but, being exposed during southwesterly
gales to the full force of the waves sweep-
ing up the Irish Channel, backed by the
Atlantic rollers, the sea at such times
breaks with great violence against the
new barrier, as was, of course, expected,
and has been provided for in the struc-
ture just completed. The engineer of the
work is Sir John Coode, and the contract-
ors are the well known firm of Messrs. Lucas & Aird.
There is every reason to believe that the anticipation
of the directors and shareholders of being able to con-
tinue the working of the iron ore over a further period
of 25 years may be realized. — British Trade Journal.

To Prevent Electricity on the Printing Press.

Wet a cloth with water and wring it out well until it
is only damp, then pour a little glycerine upon the
damp cloth and wipe the surface of the tympan sheet
with it, only on that part of the sheet where the im-
pression is, as it is there that the reaction is effected —
at the point of pressure. Do not put on too much
glycerine, as it will wrinkle the sheet too much. Sim-
ply go over it as you would in oiling the sheet to pre-
vent offset, but do not saturate it. If you find that
one application or wiping will not stop the trouble, go
over the impression parts again in the same manner.
Some kinds of stock are more susceptible than others,

Fig. 2.-INTEBNAL VIEW OF THE CAGE.

and call for an additional application. — American Art
Printer.

Photography i 8 being used in the Paris morgue to
determine, if possible, identification of the deceased.
A photograph on a large scale is taken of the hands
and put on exhibition. Persons are frequently identi-
fied either by scars of injuries or marks of various kinds
which indicate the probable occupation.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.]

Scientific ftmtvicftti*

"5

AN IMPROVED GAUGE COCK.
The illustration represents agauge cock which may be
packed at any time when in use and under boiler pres-
sure, with which no valve or seat is used, and which re-
quires neither lever, crank, nor weight for its operation.
It has been patented by Mr. Marshall J. McCarter, of

McCAETEE'S GAUGE COCK.

Norristown, Pa. The casing or barrel of the device
has at one end an exterior thread adapted to screw
into the shell of the boiler, or be connected with a pipe
therefrom, and a piston sliding loosely in the bore of
the barrel is held on a rod passing through a stuffing
box in the outer end of the barrel, the rod being pro-
vided with a suitable handle. In this rod is a bore
having one end adapted to open into the bore of the
barrel, the other end of the bore connecting atall times
with the outside.

The two figures are side views of the device, partly
in section, and when the piston is in the position shown
in the lower figure, both ends of the bore in the rod are
connected with the outside, as represented by dotted
lines, so that steam or water passing the piston cannot
pass to the outside, on account of the stuffing box
packing the rod tightly. On the handle is a guide,
through a slot in which passes a screw screwing into a
lug on the casing, the guide preventing rod and piston
from turning, and limiting their inward and outward
movement. A thread is formed on the rod near the
piston, adapted to engage a thread in the bore near its
outer end. When the gauge cock is applied on the
boiler, the steam or water under pressure forces the
piston out to the position shown in the lower figure,
no steam or water then escaping; but when the handle
is moved inward until its hub strikes against the stuff-
ing box, as shown in the upper figure, the bore in the
rod then forms a passage between the interior and the
exterior, and the engineer or fireman can see whether
steam or water escapes, the piston being again forced
outward when the handle is released. When it is de-
sired to repack the barrel, the screw is removed from
the slot in the guide, and the handle is turned to bring
the thread on the rod in engagement with the thread
in the barrel near its outer end, thus shutting off com-
munication between the interior and the stuffing box,
when the gland can be conveniently removed and the
stuffing box repacked, without annoyance from leak-
ing steam or water.

4 1 11 »

AN IMPROVED BICYCLE TREADLE.
The illustration represents a bicycle treadle designed
to lighten the labor of running a machine, and especi-

CUSHMAN'S BICYCLE TREADLE.

ally to facilitate the work of hill climbing, its construc-
tion being such as to:increase the'leverage upon the crank
arms on the downward stroke, when, also, the pedals
and the cranks are tied together, the improvement be-
ing adapted for attachment to any pedal now in use.

It is a patented invention of Mr. George W. Cushman,
of No. 159 Eighth Avenue, New York City. A ratchet
wheel is attached to the crank spindle upon which the
pedal turns, between the inner side plate of the pedal
and the face of the crank arm, and the pedal has aux-
iliary side plates of greater length than usual, these
side plates permitting the use of two foot-rest bars at
each side of the crank spindle. Upon one of the side
plates of each pedal is pivoted a spring-pressed pawl
adapted for engagement with the ratchet wheel, as
shown in Fig. 1, the pawl slipping over the ratchet
during the upward movement of the pedals, but en-
gaging the ratchet in their downward movement, thus
preventing the pedals from revolving and tying them
to the crank arms during a portion of the stroke. The
operator is also, by this arrangement, enabled to press
downward with greater force upon the forward outer
foot rest, the leverage being increased by the distance
from the crank spindle to the outer foot-rest bar, as
represented by the curved lines in Fig. 2. By this im-
provement, also, the rider is enabled more readily to
overcome a dead center, and Rhould the pedal be acci-
dentally dropped, its increased length facilitates its
more ready recovery.

Fifty miles per Hour.

A correspondent asks if there is a train in the United
States that has a scheduled time of 50 miles per hour
or more, for 50 miles or over; and to the inquiry we
answer, yes, there is ; and though we know of but one,
there may be others. Train No. 19 on the New York
division of the Pennsylvania leaves Jersey City at 4:13
and arrives at Philadelphia at 6:05, making two stops ;
the distance is 8976 miles, though it is usually called
90 miles. The running time of this train, in-
cluding the time consumed in the stops, is 112
minutes, which is almost 48 miles per hour ; it
runs from Jersey City to Trenton without a
stop, the distance being_ 55 75 miles, in 64 min-
utes, the arriving time being 5:17, which is a
speed of about 52 miles per hour. There are
several other trains that make this run from
Jersey City to Philadelphia in about 2 hours,
the majority exceeding 2 hours by from 2 to 10
minutes ; the limited, making no stops at all,
makes it in 1 hour and 59 minutes, or 7 minutes
more than No. 19, which makes two stops, while
No. 43, also making two stops, uses 1 hour and
57 minutes. Trains frequently exceed 60 miles
per hour, and it is likely that it is necessary for
the above trains to do so daily to make their
schedule time, though the one train noted above
is the only one that we know of where the
schedule time is 50 miles per hour for a long
distance. Some 10 years ago, the statement
was made that engines were in process of con-
struction for both the Pennsylvania and the
Bound Brook route that would enable the
schedule time to be made 60 miles per hour,
the assertion being made that both roads would
have trains in the near future that would make
the 90 miles in 90 minutes. They have not yet
been placed on the schedule.

The B. and O. has several trains whose sche
dule time between Washington and Baltimore
is 45 minutes, which is 40 miles at the rate of
54 miles per hour. The fastest schedule time for any
distance that we know of is on the B. and O., where
the time of the "Royal Blue" is, for a distance of a
little over 3 miles, at the rate of 72 miles per hour, and
it is made too. — The Railway Conductor.

being prepared, resin oil, linseed, colophane and pa-
raffin are added in the proportions above stated ; the
whole is boiled until homogeneous. This boiling gene-
rally lasts about four or five hours.

A VELOCIPEDE OPERATED BY HAND LEVERS.
The illustration represents a vehicle patented by Mr.
Clarence P. Hoyt, the use of which is calculated to ex-
pand the chest and develop the muscles of the arms,
while it is designed to be a very strong, durable, and
easily managed machine. The main frame consists of
two vertical bars, through which passes the axle, and
two upwardly and rearwardly extending bars, which
may be made integral with the vertical bars, the back-
bone being connected at one end to the tops of the
vertical bars, while its other end carries a caster wheel.
The backwardly extending bars of the frame have
bearings for a crankshaft on which is keyed a sprocket
wheel, a chain from which engages a small sprocket
wheel on the main axle. Just outside the vertical bars
of the main frame, two vertical lever bars are f ulcrumed
on the axle, a handle piece being secured to the con-
nected upper ends of the lever bars, while a rod ex-
tends rearwardly from their lower ends to a pivoted
lever bar, from which a connecting rod extends to
wrist pins on arms of the crank shaft, whereby, on re-
ciprocating the levers by means of the handle piece,
the crank shaft is turned and motion is communicated
to the main axle to propel the machine. Extending
forward from the caster wheel bracket, on each side, is
a rod passing through a slotted arm secured to the
underside of a pivoted pedal, the rods carrying stops in
advance of the slotted arms, and the forward ends of
the rods being connected to the forward ends of the

A New Insulating material.

A new insulating material for telegraphic or other
electric lines is thus given by the Revue Industrielle :
It is composed of a mixture of gelatine (specially made),
resin oil, oxidized linseed oil, resin and paraffin. It is
cheap and contains no sulphur. The proportions of
the mixture are: Glove glue (colle de gant), 1,000 parts ;
resin oil, 100 parts ; oxidized linseed oil, 500 parts ; colo-
phane,150 parts; paraffin,250 parts. The glue is prepared
by taking the refuse clippings of gloves, and soaking
them in cold water for one night. The next day they
are strained and washed in several waters until the
water is clear. In an iron boiler there are then placed
1,000 parts of water, five parts of carbonate of soda,
and dry glove skin 250 parts. This is boiled for six
consecutive hours, the water being renewed as it evapo-
rates. The whole boiling mass is next run over a sieve,
across which steam is passed to prevent the gelatine
coagulating. The boiling solution is received by a
wooden tub, through which a current of warm air is
passed for one hour. The residue left in the sieve is
boiled up with water for three hours, and when filtered
can be used again for dissolving the glue, but this time
with only 200 parts of glove skin. The gelatinous so-
lution is put into a boiler with the olein or oleic acid
used in candle manufacture in the proportion of gela-
tinous solution, 1,000 parts ; olein, eighty parts. This
is boiled for half an hour, after which ten parts of
caustic potash solution (fifty parts water) is added.
The boiling is maintained for an hour, so as to sapo-
nify the olein and form a soapy pulp. The glove glue

HOYT'S VELOCIPEDE.

pedals by spiral springs. With this arrangement, the
depressing of a pedal draws upon one of the rods and
turns the caster wheel, pressure on the right hand
pedal guiding the vehicle to the right, while the de-
pressing of the left hand pedal turns the vehicle to the
left.

Further information relative to this invention may
be obtained by addressing the patentee, box No. 536,
Golden, Col.

«<»■«»

Precious metals mined in 1890.

The annual report of Wells, Fargo & Co. of precious
metals produced during 1890 in the States and Terri-
tories west of the Missouri River, including British
Columbia, shows : Gold, $32,156,916 ; silver, $62,930,831;
copper, $20,569,092 ; lead, $11,509,571. California pro-
duced in gold, $9,896,851, silver $186,263; Nevada, gold,
$2,693,884, silver, $6,546,652 ; Oregon, gold, $965,000,
silver, $71,000 ; Washington, gold, $194,000, silver,
$85,000 ; Idaho, gold, $3,595,333, silver, $10,229,167 ;
Montana, gold, $2,764,116. silver, $12,050,339 ; Colorado
gold, $4,210,961, silver, $13,064,486; Utah, gold, $88,798,
silver, $12,170,377 ; New Mexico, gold, $376,034. silver,
$1,282,951 ; Arizona, gold, $1,150,486, silver, $6,446,863;
Dakota, gold, $3,045,560 ; Texas, silver, $249,423 ; British
Columbia, gold, $361,555; Mexico, gold, $12,689,000, sil-
ver, $415,645,000.

♦ < ■ » ♦ — —

There is no doubt but the form of a roof has much
to do with the draught of a chimney. The flat roof
offers no resistance to the passage of air, but as the
pitch is increased, the current is more and more dis-
turbed, until with a high-pitched and many-gabled
roof it is broken into innumerable eddies, some of
which are sure to curl down and force the smoke and
gases in the flue into the rooms below. Chimneys on
such roofs should be built higher than ordinarily.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

n6

^tuntiiu %mmtm.

c*

[February 21, 1891.

Correspondence.

Ice Forming under Water.

To the Editor of the Scientific American :

Your answer to query No. 2,719 leads uie to ask :
What makes ice form on the bottom of rivers some-
times more than others ? I have often observed it ad-
hering to the smooth stones on the bottom of quite
large streams, as if it was frozen there, which at other
times will not be seen, although the anchor ice may be
running plentifully, and the atmosphere quite as cold.
No apparent change in the water, it being as clear as
ever ; nor is the ice charged with sediment or anything
to make it heavier. It has the appearance of having
formed there, though perhaps several feet below the
surface of the water. I saw it once during the present
month in the Kalamazoo River. G. W. Grigsby.
Allegan, Mich., Jan. 24, 1891.

[It is well known that running water will cool to seve-
ral degrees below the freezing point without freezing
on the surface. At this temperature the stones on the
bottom will also be cooled down to a like temperature,
when the film of water next the surface of the stones
will freeze to the surface because it becomes quiet by
contact with the surface. Thus the stones will continue
to gather by surface freezing to considerable thickness,
and ice so formed may remain until a change of
weather or until the surface freezes over, when the
temperature of the running water will rise and melt
the anchor ice by heat from the earth. The floating
ice is not anchor ice. — Ed.]

Deterioration of Water In Reservoirs and
Conduits.

At a recent meeting of the New Jersey Sanitary As-
sociation, Mr. C. B. Brush dealt with the above subject
in a paper. He remarked that all water supplies are
better at certain periods of the year than at others. In
the hot, dry days the water becomes dead and lifeless ;
and if allowed to remain at rest for any considerable
length of time, algae formations appear on the surface.
These, however, are destroyed and disappear as soon
as the water is put in motion. If allowed to remain,
the water cures itself— the algae disappearing after a
few weeks, and leaving the water again in its normal
condition. The alg» show themselves more quickly on
water that has been filtered, either naturally or arti-
ficially. The author also stated that water is delivered
in its best condition when taken from a running stream
and supplied directly to consumers without coming to
rest during its passage. Water discolored by sediment
is very often in its best condition, because the sediment
is due to the fact that an abnormal volume of water is
blow off from the watersheds, and any pollution there
may be is so diluted as to be incapable of harm. But
there is such a -demand for clear water that reservoirs
are necessitated, with their attending evils. Water
that is stored for twenty or thirty days commences to
deteriorate. This is due to stagnation ; and the stag-
nation begins to manifest itself as soon as the oxygen
in solution in the water becomes less than 03 per cent.
The best means of preventing stagnation consists in
keeping the water in motion ; and there is no better
way than by forcing air into the bottom of the reser-
voir, and keeping the water aerated. Mr. Brush gave
an interesting account of his experience with a number
of reservoirs where the water had become tainted in
consequence of lying stagnant ; and in every instance
he obviated the difficulty by forcing air into the reser-
voir or the mains.

Composition of Talcum.

Talcum, or soapstone, also known as steatite, is a sili-
cate of magnesium containing generally iron and other
impurities.

F. W. Clarke and E. A. Schneider have recently ex-
amined some talcum with the following results. The
sample of talc with which the experiments were carried
out came from Hunter's Mill, Virginia, and when dried

in air gave the following analysis :

Per cent.

Silica 62-37

Alumina ,0*15

Ferric oxide 0'95

Magnesia 30*95

Ferrous oxide 0'85

Manganous oxide Trace

Water (loss at 105°) <K)7

Loss on iguition , 4"84

100-08
These figures agree closely with the empirical formula
H-Mff.Si.On.

■» < m > ^

Standing Bareheaded at Funerals.
The London Lancet deprecates the practice of re-
maining bareheaded at funerals. It commends the
propriety of cutting short the burial services in cold
and inclement weather, and suggests that the hats
should be kept on the heads of those in attendance.
These suggestions should certainly be approved of, for
a funeral ceremony, as at present carried on, involves
much risk of contracting grave inflammation of the
respiratory organs.

The Telephone Patents.

In December the fundamental patent on the speak-
ing telephone granted in England to Alexander Gra-
ham Bell expired, and our British cousins are con-
gratulating themselves on relief from a monopoly that
has made itself somewhat obnoxious to them. Com-
petition has already sprung up and telephone rates
have been reduced. In view of these facts it may be
worth while briefly to review the principal patents that
have enabled the Bell Telephone Company to hold its
own against any and every attempt at competition,
and to note in what state their successive expirations
will leave the art of telephony. The fundamental
patent was granted on the 7th of March, 1876, just 21
days after the filing of the application. Its principal
feature is the enormously sweeping fifth claim for
transmitting vocal sound by electrical undulations, that
has successfully held its own against every inventor.
As is now well known, the patent was entitled " An
Improvement in Telegraphy, - ' and the other claims are
comparatively unimportant, as the transmission of
speech is not mentioned in them. The armature of the
rudimentary form of telephone, shown in the drawings,
is supported at a single point and actuated mechani-
cally by a flexible diaphragm. This patent will expire
on March 7, 1893, its life being quite unaffected by the
expiration of the English patent, since the latter was
taken out after the American one was granted. It will
be seen, therefore, that on the expiration of this patent
the broad principle is thrown open, and operative re-
ceiving and transmitting instruments can be freely
manufactured.

But it should be remembered Alexander Graham Bell
took out a second patent on the 30th of January, 1877,
covering the important features of the form of receiver
generally used in every part of the world. His claims
cover the diaphragm of magnetic material, and means
of adjusting it to its proper relation with the magnet.
This second patent will proba,bly enable the ordinary
forms of construction to be held from public use until
January 30, 1894, after which day the receiver sub-
stantially as now known will become public property.
As to the transmitter, the case is somewhat more com-
plicated. The principal patents on the carbon trans-
mitter were granted to Thomas A. Edison, on April 30,
1878, are now controlled by the Bell Telephone Com-
pany, and will expire April 30, 1895. The Edison trans-
mitter is successful, but has not been in very general
use.

The form of transmitting instrument most widely
employed, especially for long distance work, is that
patented by Hunnings. It is an English invention,
and the American patent, granted August 30, 1881, will
expiie with the previous English patent on September
16, 1892 ; it is, however, antedated by the Edison patent,
so that the Bell Telephone Company will hold a claim
on the carbon transmitter until the expiration of the
latter. The Blake form of transmitter is the subject
of a group of patents dated November 29, 1881, but is
the result of the division of an application filed Janu-
ary 3, 1879, and the entire group patented in England
in that year will pass out of legal existence on January
20, 1893.

There is, however, a patent to Berliner, also owned
by the Bell Telephone Company, covering the same
principle which is used in the Blake transmitter, that
of varying contact between two electrodes ; this will
expire on January 15, 1895, and includes the induction
coil apparatus now usually employed. It will thus be
seen that while the receiver becomes public property,
at least in some of its forms, in 1893, the group of trans-
mitter patents are likely to tie up that part of the tele-
phonic system for nearly two years thereafter. Of
course the Bell receiver can be made to work quite suc-
cessfully as a transmitter, and it is altogether probable
that modifications of it will be found to operate far
more successfully than is generally supposed. In any
contingency a thoroughly successful telephone for any-
thing except long distance lines can be manufactured
by any one who chooses, after the expiration of the
second Bell patent, January 30, 1894. A single addi-
tional contingency with respect to the carbon trans-
mitter may be mentioned.

This instrument has been claimed by the no v _v-
torious Daniel Drawbaugh, his chief opponent in O e
Patent Office being Edison. The Drawbaugh apt ... a-
tion was filed considerably later than Edison's, but
possibly might be ruled to come within the statutory
limitations if there were no serious opposition. It is
within the bounds of possibility then that an effort
might be made to tie up the transmitter for another
long term of years by establishing a legal priority for
Drawbaugh in default of an active opposition in behalf
of Edison. Such a combination of circumstances might
come about if the Bell Telephone Company were in-
terested in allowing the issue of a patent to the alleged
Pennsylvania inventor. This statement of the condi-
tion of the telephone patents is necessarily incomplete,
since we have made no attempt to discuss all the ac-
cessory apparatus that is in use to-day ; but it will
have served its purpose if it calls public attention to
two things : first, the expiration of the fundamental
telephone patent, and the way in which this blessing

is mitigated by the transmitter patents ; and, second,
to possible legal machinations for securing a continued
monopoly on the carbon transmitter. — Electrical
World.

Carbonizing Wool and Rags.

In order to remove burrs, especially the mestiza
spiral burr, and other vegetable matters from wool, it
becomes necessary to use a chemical process to destroy
the same without injuring the wool fibers. I will now,
says a writer in Wade's Fiber and Fabric, endeavor to
describe a process as used iu Europe :

1. We must have a wooden tub, say 3 feet wide, 6
feet long, and 3 feet deep, covered on the inside with
sheet lead. Fill the tub about three-fourths full with
cold water, and add sulphuric acid until your ther-
mometer shows 3° R. Enter the wool that has been
thoroughly scoured. See that the liquor covers the
same all over, and keep it so in the liquor from one to
two hours, according to the amount of vegetable mat-
ter in the wool. On the back of your tub have a wooden
rack, so you can throw your wool upon it, and let the
liquor drain back into the tub. Keep the strength of
your liquor 3° R. In nailing on the rack use copper
nails, as iron ones are destroyed in no time. The men
handling the wool in the acid should wear long rubber
gloves.

2. From there it goes to the extractor, and is well ex-
tracted. The extractor should be made of copper, and
the netting covered with lead. I have seen one covered
with vulcanized rubber, which I understand gives satis-
faction.

3. The wool is now put on an ordinary wool drier,
and is thoroughly dried. The netting of the drier
should also be leaded.

4. The wool now goes in the carbonizing oven. This
is a large wooden box with drawers made from sheet
iron, and leaded wire netting about 4 feet wide, 6 feet
long, and 6 in height. On these drawers the wool is
spread loosely, and kept four to six hours at a tempera-
ture of from 180° to 190° F. There should be an elec-
trical arrangement connected with the thermometer
that will ring a bell when the temperature of the oven
gets too low or too high. As soon as the burrs get black
and you can rub them to powder between your fingers,
the wool is ready, that is, the burrs are carbonized.
The oven has to be well ventilated, so that the fumes
of the acid, generated by the heat, are taken away as
quickly as they arise. This is done by means of a
fan.

5. The wool now goes to a duster, enters the machine
by a series of close-set steel rollers that crush the car-
bonized burrs, which are then shaken out by a pan
and sticks.

6. The wool is now all clean, but has still the acid in
it, which has to be neutralized with a cold soda ash
bath about 3° R. strong. This can be done in a wooden
tub, and then rinsed out with cold water or in a scour-
ing machine. The wool is now all ready for the dye-
house.

The process of carbonizing rags is the same, only use
a little stronger liquor and let them stay longer in it.
After the cotton is thoroughly carbonized, so that if
you rub the rags the cotton threads fall out as dust,
put them in a wool duster and dust well. Neutralize
the acid the same as in the wool.

— i « i >

Cork Worms.

Investigation in France proves the existence of two
or three types of moths in wine cellars. The grubs feed
on the fungoid growth that forms on the wine vats and
mouldy corks. The insect bores and forms galleries in
the cork nearest to the glass, and through the holes
thus formed air gains access to the wine, spoiling it.

The San Francisco Chronicle says : Our chief diffi-
culty in bottling wines has been in obtaining a supply
of perfect corks. At least 25 per cent of corks, after
examination for fitness, are rejected. An examination
of several bins was made at the vineyards, and it was
found that the corks were perforated, and insomecases
the wine oozed through them. Now we are trying a
method to stop the inroads of these grubs. Aftersoak-
ing the corks in hot water and then in brandy they are
dried, and when they are put into the bottles the tops
are coated with a layer of paraffine wax previous to
sealing them with ordinary wax. We hope by the use
of the paraffine compound to stop the ravages of these
insects. Neither the grubs nor insects feed upon the
wine, but simply use the cork as a place to deposit
their eggs, and the coating may possibly prevent their
entrance.

Snow Worms.

A puzzling phenomenon has been noticed frequently
in some parts of Valley Bend District, Randolph County,
Va., this winter. The crust of the snow has been covered
two or three times with worms, resembling the ordi-
nary cutworms. Where they come from, unless they
fall with the snow, is inexplicable. The snow is two
feet deep, and the crust is too strong for them to have
come up out of the ground. A square foot of snow can
scarcely be found some days without a dozen of these
worms on it.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.]

Sff&tutxtxt %mmtm.

&

117

THE UNITED STATES LIFE SAVING SERVICE.
Opon the ocean and lake coasts of the United States
there are now about two hundred and twenty-six gov-
ernment life saving stations. Of these, one hundred
and sixty-five are on the Atlantic shores, eight on the
Gulf of Mexico, eight on the Pacific, and forty-five on
the great lakes ; and one, a river station, at Louisville,
Ky., on the falls of the Ohio River. The work of the
Federal service is re-enforced to a certain extent by
private association. Thus a portion of the New Eng-
land coast is guarded by the Massachusetts Humane
Society, a volunteer organization noted for its efficient
work.

The distribution of stations is regulated by the na-
ture of the coast and the amount of commerce passing
by or approaching it. From the eastern extremity of
the coast of Maine to Cape Cod there are but sixteen
stations for 415 miles. The coast, for a great part rocky
and precipitous, gives numerous harbors of refuge.
Along Cape Cod a dangerous region appears, where
there are ten stations, about eight miles distant from
each other. The bight formed by the shores of Long
Island and of New Jersey, with New York harbor at
the apex, is renowned for its dangerous nature. Along
250 miles of the shores of this much frequented water-
way there are 79 stations, giving an average distance of
about three miles from station to station. Further south
there is less commerce, and fewer stations are provided.
For 175 miles from Cape Hatteras south to Cape Fear
there are but six stations, the distance between stations
averaging nearly 30 miles. The coast of Florida is of such
formation that vessels are generally wrecked close to
shore and the crew can save themselves. Refuge stations
for the supply of food and water are provided along the
uninhabited portions of this coast. Their average dis-
tance apart is 26 miles. At each mile along the coast
a guide post is erected, giving the distance and direc-
tion to the nearest refuge station. Each has pro-
visions enough for twenty-five persons for ten days.

The great lakes have a coast of 2,500 miles extent.
Most of the harbors of refuge are artificial, defined
by piers and maintained by dredging. These are the
scenes of most of the wrecks, as vessels in storms
make for the nearest of them, and are liable to strand
upon shoals at their mouths. Forty-five stations pro-
tect this great extent of coast, being generally placed
at or near harbors.

The whole system is under the Treasury Department.
Its chief officer, the general|superintendent, is appointed
by the President ; under him is an assistant superin-
tendent, appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury.
From the revenue cutter service inspectors are ap-
pointed who make monthly visits to the stations and
conduct annual examinations of the station employes.
They also make special investigations of wrecks with
loss of life, and do other services as required. The
stations are assigned to districts, for each of which
there is a district superintendent, with, in one case, an
assistant superintendent. Under these come the sta-
tion keepers and station employes.

The station keeper is selected with the greatest care,
as he is in direct control of the work of the station and
is in absolute command of his crew. He and the dis
trict superintendents are ex-offlcio inspectors of cus-
toms. The keepers are also statutory guardians of all
wrecked property until relieved by the owners or their
agents. The selection of a crew is left in the hands of
the keeper. The regular crew at an Atlantic coast
station consists of six men with an additional man from
the 1st of December. The active season extends on
this coast from September 1 to May 1, taking in the
fall, winter, and spring months. On the lakes the
term is reversed, extending from April 15 to about
December 15, including the summer months.

After a man has been selected by the station keeper
for engagement on a life saving crew, he is subjected
before appointment to a rigid examination as to his
qualifications. After appointment he can only be dis-
charged, with the exception of two cases, by the gen-
eral superintendent's authority for good and sufficient
reasons. In cases of neglect of patrol duty or insubor-
dination at a wreck, the offender is subject to instant
dismissal by the keeper. Where disability or death has
been incurred by accident on duty, there is a system
of pensioning that cannot be extended beyond two
years.

The patrol system is regarded as one of the most im-
portant branches of the service. Under its provisions a
constant watch is maintained all night long offshore.
The hundreds of miles of cost are patrolled nightly
by the surfmen charged with the duty of warning off
vessels approaching dangerously near the coast. The
service probably saves more lives by its patrol system
than by its operations at wrecks. It acts to supple-
ment the lighthouse department, notifying vessels of
their proximity to shore. The work includes a care-
fully verified patrol of the shore, with constant watch-
ing for and warning of vessels. Where stations are
near to each other, the surfman starts out when his
hour arrives, and walking along the coast as near to
the shore as practicable, proceeds on his beat until he
meets the patrol from the next station. Each has a
metallic check, which they exchange and then return.

If they do not meet, the one man continues his patrol '
to the next station, exchanges checks, returns, and
reports accordingly. One of the checks is shown in the
illustration, Fig. 14. A record is kept by their means
of the patrolling. At isolated stations a post marks
the end of the beat. A watchman's time detector is
carried by the patrol, who finds the registering key at-
tached to the post. With this he marks the dial, thus
registering his time of reaching the end of his beat.

The patrolman carries with him a beach lantern and
some red Coston light signals, Figs. 7 and 8. These
light by percussion. If the patrol discovers a wreck or
vessel in distress or danger, he ignites the signal, Fig.
1. This warns the ship offshore if there is time, and
at the worst assures the crew of assistance.

The work at a wreck, such as shown in Fig. 3, is
executed by boat or by hawser tackle and breeches
buoy. When possible the boat is used in preference.
The entire responsibility of choice of methods rests
with the station keeper, and he is held to rigid ac-
counting for any error resulting in loss of life.

The favorite type of boat is a development of the
surfboat used by fishermen along the New Jersey and
Long Island coasts.

They are built of cedar planks on a white oak frame,
vary from 25 to 27 feet long, 6% to 7 feet beam, and 2
feet 3 inches to 2 feet 6 inches deep, with 1 foot 7 inches
to 2 feet 1 inch sheer of gunwale. The bottoms are flat.
They draw only 7 or 8 inches of water and weigh 700
to 1,100 1b. They are propelled by six oars, and can
land fifteen persons, though this is more than they are
calculated for. They are in great contrast to the 4,000
lb. self-righting lifeboats of the English service. So
far the record is all in the favor of the lighter boat,
which has no air tanks and hitherto has not been self-
baling, as a rule. It is hoped that the last named
feature, used in some of the boats, may be successfully
introduced in all.

The boats are taken to the shore on a wagon, as
shown in Fig. 2. As they reach the water's edge, one
end is lifted, a pin is pulled out of the reach of the
wagon, and a single pair of wheels are pulled from
under. The same is done for the other end, and the
boat is launched. A favorable moment is taken for the
launching through the surf. In one minute the boat
and crew can be afloat,

The keeper steers with a long oar over the stern,
held in a closed swivel rowlock or rope grummet. He
and his crew work in perfect touch with each other.
By the steering oar he works the boat so as to take the
breakers head on, and the crew by their training are
responsive to his slightest word or look. The crew
wear life preservers, shown in Fig. 4, of which a sup-
ply is carried in the boat. The boats also carry a can-
vas drag or sea anchor with tripping line. This when
thrown over with a good length of line holds their
head to windward in emergencies or acts as a drag
upon them in breakers, enabling them to be maneu-
vered under difficult conditions of rapid surface drift
and current.

The life saving boat represents only one phase of
operations.

Much of the work is done by life line and breeches
huoy. A gun, shown in Fig. 3, or a rocket, Fig. 9,
is used to throw a light line over the wrecked ship.
The gun practically is the universal method. The
crew of the wrecked vessel haul this in, and to its end
is attached a rope, and to the shore end of this is
fastened a continuous endless rope reeved through a
block and called the whip line. Sometimes, where a
large gun is used, the intermediate line is dispensed
with. The crew of the wrecked vessel haul in the line
until the whip line block reaches them. This has
attached to ■ it a board, Fig. 11, with directions in
English and French.

The block of the whip line, according to these direc-
tions, is to be secured to the lower mast or as high as
possible to the hull of the wreck. By means of the
whip line the end of a hawser is brought on board
and secured near the whip block. Upon the hawser a
block carrying a buoy provided with a canvas recep-
tacle resembling a species of breeches, called a
breeches buoy, Fig. 6, is reeved so as to travel back
forth, being attached to the whip line and worked by
it. The wrecked crew have to attend to the installa-
tion on their ship of these means of rescue, and ex-
perience shows the sailor to be exceedingly stupid in
contributing to his own succor. On shore the tackle is
sustained by a crotch or shear legs, guyed or braced to
a sand anchor in its rear, as shown in the cut. When
all is ready the wrecked people are brought ashore one
by one in the breeches buoy. The same tackle may be
used for the Francis lifecar, shown in Fig. 5. This is
a closed metallic boat that can hold six or seven
people. Its use on our coasts is limited, the breeches
buoy and surfboats doing most of the life saving.

What is called by the surfmen a sausage light,
shown in Fig. 13, in use in the wreck scene, is sus-
pended from a tripod on shore to illuminate the beach
in wrecking operations.

It has been found practicable to dispense with the
hawser on occasions, the traveling block working on
one lay of the whip line. The complete system con-

templates the use of the independent hawser for the
traveling block.

It is obvious that to successfully conduct operations
with the life lines and breeches buoy, considerable ex-
perience is necessary. Accordingly a constant syt'.tem
of practice is maintained at the stations. A pole is set
up on the shore, preferably in the shallow water near
shore. This is at 75 yards distance from the place of
practice, and represents the mast of a vessel. The
crew are first called upon in the boathouse by num-
ber, and are examined orally. They have to recite in
proper sequence the details of the exercise as set
down in the service manual. At the words of command
they then fall into place at the drag rope and draw
the apparatus to the drilling ground. A man has been
placed upon the mast. At the word "action,'" the crew
proceed to rig the apparatus and bring their comrade
down from the pole in the breeches buoy. The time
required is noted and recorded. If in one month after
the active season commences the work cannot be done
in five minutes, the men are cautioned. Further action
is rarely necessary. An active rivalry exists between
many of the stations. The mimic rescue has been ef-
fected in two minutes and thirty seconds. This was in
daytime ; at a night drill the same has been done in
three minutes. In addition to the wrecking drill, in
every week are included the following : Boat practice,
including launching and landing through the surf with
at least half an hour's rowing ; practice in signaling
with miniature flags and with oral examination as to
the general features of the international code; and the
recitation of four methods of rescuing the apparently
drowned,with practice of manipulations upon the per-
son of one of the men. When this ceaseless round of
practice work is superimposed upon the patrol and
other duties, it will be seen that the time of surfmen
is very fully occupied.

On their monthly visit the inspectors mark in their
drill books the proficiency of each member of the sta-
tion force. A scale of ten maximum is adopted. The
notes are reported to the general superintendent,
where the record of the rating of every man in the
force is kept.

The operations of the entire life saving service are
under the charge of General Superintendent Sumner I.
Kimball. Our thanks are due to Capt. Charles A.
Abbey, inspector for this district, for courtesies
received.

The Flower Clock.

The hour at which each flower opens is itself so uni-
form that, by watching them, floral clocks of sufficient
accuracy can be arranged. Father Kircher had
dreamed of it, but vaguely and without pointing out
anything; it is to Linnaeus that we must ascribe the in-
genious idea of indicating all the hours by the time at
which plants open or shut their corollas. The Swedish
botanist had created a flower clock for the climate
which he. inhabited, but as, in our latitudes, a more
brilliant and radiant dawn makes the flowers earlier,
Lamarck was obliged to construct for France another
clock, which is a little in advance of the Swedish one.
We quote from Pouchet :

ours at which the

flowers open.

Plants on which the observations

Morning.

were made.

3 to 5 o'clock,

Tragopogon pratense (yellow goats-

beard or salsify).

4 to 5 "

Cichorium intybus (chicory).

5

Sonchus oleraceus (sow thistle).

5 to 6

Leontodon taraxacum (dandelion).

6 "

Hieracium ambellatum (umbellate

hawkweed).

6 to 7 "

Hieracium murornm (wall hawk-

weed).

7

Lactuca sativa (lettuce).

7

Nymphaea alba (white water lily).

7 to 8

Mesembryanthemum barbatum.

8

Anagallis arvensis (field pimpernel

or poor man's weather glass).

9

Calendula arvensis (field marigold).

9 to 10

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

(ice plant).

10 to 11 "

Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum.

Evening.

5 o'clock,

Nyctago hortensis.

6 "

Geranium triste.

6

Silene noctiAora.

9 to 10 o'clock,

Cactus grandifloruB.

— Nature's Realm.

Low Prices for Steel Ralls.

In consequence of differences between the manufac-
turers, steel rails have lately been selling at pretty low
figures, one company having actually sold rails at $26
per ton. It is now said that an agreement has been
effected between the producers, and the price has been
advanced to $29 to $30 per ton. The manufacture of
steel rails is now controlled by the Illinois Steel Com-
pany, the Carnegies, the Lackawanna, Cambria, Penn-
sylvania, and Bethlehem companies.
«ii i »

According to Herr Japing, the hourly rate of water
falling over Niagara Falls is 100,000,000 tons, represent-
ing 16,000,000 horse power ; and the total daily produc-
tion of coal in the world would just about suffice to
pump the water back again.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

n8

gtunt'xfu %mxum.

[February 21, 1891.

TRIPLE EXPANSION ENGINES FOB A TUGBOAT.

The seaboard coal-carrying trade, especially that
from the Delaware and Chesapeake to the large East-
ern cities, has for a number of years furnished employ-
ment to a class of powerful tugs, capable of towing
two and sometimes three loaded barges, carrying from
1,000 to 3,000 tons of coal each per trip. Some of these
barges are especially constructed of iron for this ser-
vice, while others may be the hulls of large ships dis-
placed from business in other lines, a large variety of
craft being thus employed during particularly busy
seasons, their almost constant presence in some por-
tions of Long Island Sound and in the waters in the
vicinity of New York City being at all times a notice-
able feature. The tugs used in this service must, how-
ever, be very powerful and adapted for considerable
sea service, while the conditions of the business require
their being run with the utmost efficiency possible.

The engines shown in the accompanying illustration
are those of a boat of this class, the Triton, built by
the Atlantic Works, East Boston,
Mass., and owned by Capt. Fred.
Luekenbach, of this port. The
vessel is a fine representative of
a new and staunch type of tug
especially adapted for such ser-
vice, with a length of 130 ft. 10
in., beam 26 ft. 6 in., depth of
hold 14 ft. 6 in., and draught 13
ft. 6 in., the hull being of white
oak, copper fastened. The en-
gines are of the inverted vertical
triple expansion description, with
a high pressure cylinder of 15J£
in. diameter, intermediate pres-
sure cylinder of 24 in. diameter,
and low pressure cylinder of 40
in. diameter, and a thirty inch
stroke. The cylinders are of
hard-grained cast iron, with the
valve faces separate and bolted
on. The crossheads are of
wrought iron, with journals
forged on, and gibs of cast iron,
babbitted. The connecting rods
are of wrought iron, and the line
shaft is of wrought iron, 8J£ in.
diameter. The piston rods are
of mild steel, 3}£ in. diameter.
The surface condenser forms a
part of the framing, and has 950
square feet of cooling surface.
Each engine has an independent
cut-off, the connection of links
to eccentric rods and to valve
stem being adjustable, so that
each link may be adjusted inde-
pendently, and a steam revers-
ing gear is provided, operated by
a lever in the engine room. The
screw is of cast iron, 10 ft. in
diameter. The boiler is of the
Scotch flue type, 13 ft. 6 in. dia-
meter and 11 ft. 3 in. long, and
is built for a working pressure of
156 lb. per square inch. The
machinery is all strongly built
and well finished. There is no
extra work for ornamentation,
but every part has the appear-
ance of solidity, and is evidently
intended to give a high degree
of efficiency. Her indicated horse
power on trial was 720. The
design of the engines and ar-
rangement of the cylinders, the
high pressure being independ-
ent from the intermediate, is the
design of James T. Boyd, con-
structing engineer of the Atlantic Works. The Triton
is fitted with steam windlass forward and a gipsey aft,
furnished by the American Ship Windlass Company,
of Providence, R. I.

■»<»>»

manipulation of the Nasal mucous membrane.

Dr. Von Cederschiold has for some years employed a
kind of manipulation, which he considers is of the
nature of massage, in various affections of the nasal
and pharyngeal mucous membrane. He first tried this
kind of treatment on himself while suffering from
chronic pharyngeal catarrh following diphtheria, and
since then he has had opportunities of using it on a hun-
dred cases in Stockholm. The instrument for the nares
consists of a double spiral of silver wire about five
inches in length, provided with a small wooden handle
at one end and a loop or eye at the other. This loop
serves to fasten one end of a strip of batiste — a material
of which infants' frocks are made — which is wound
round the spiral so as to cover it completely before the
process is commenced. The instrument is gently in-
troduced into the nostril, and moved to and fro. For
the pharynx a sponge holder is used, carrying a pledget
of «otton wool, which, as well as the metal parts, is

carefully covered over with batiste. Gentle but rapid
friction movements are made with this over the mucous
membrane of the pharynx or naso-pharyngeal space.
Not content with manipulating these regions, Dr. Von
Cederschiold has actually invaded the interior of the
Eustachian tube. For this purpose he employs a spiral
similar to that used for the nares, but much finer, fine
enough, that is to say, to be introduced into the tube
through an ordinary Eustachian catheter. — Lancet.

4 H i »

Sixty Ruined Cities In Yucatan.

There are a few more than sixty ruined cities in
Yucatan, so far as they have been discovered. Within
a radius of one hundred miles from Merida are such
magnificent examples as Mayapan, Ake, Chichen-Itza,
Kabah, and Labna, but none is more interesting and
grand than Uxmal, about seventy-six miles by road
travel from Merida. By far the finest building in the
city, both from its commanding position on a lofty
eminence and the completeness of its preservation, is

TRIPLE EXPANSION ENGINES FOE THE OCEAN TUG TRITON.

the Royal Palace, otherwise known as the Casa de
Gobernador, in Spanish. It stands on the topmost of
three terraces of earth — once, perhaps, faced with stone,
but now crumbled, broken, and in a stage of hetero-
geneous decay. The lowermost and largest is 575 ft.
long, the second 545 ft. long, 250 wide, and 25 ft. high,
while the third and last is 360 ft. in length, 30 in
breadth, and 19 in height, and supports the building,
which has front of 322 ft., with a depth of only 39, and
a height of but 25 ft. It is entirely of stone, without
ornament to a height of about ten feet, where there is
a wide cornice, above which the wall is a bewildering
mazeof sculpture. The roof was flat and once covered
with cement, in the opinion of some travelers, but is
now covered with tropical plants, trees, and verdure.
There are three large doorways through the eastern
wall, about eight feet square, giving entrance into a
series of apartments, the largest of which is 60 ft. long
and 27 deep, divided into two rooms by a thick wall.
The ceiling of each room is a triangular arch, capped
by flat blocks, at a height of 23 ft. above the floor.
The latter, like the walls and jambs of the doorways,
is of smooth-faced stones, that may once have beea
covered with cement,— Philadelphia Telegraph.

The Direct Production of Light.

In a paper contributed to the Revista Maritima,
Signor Giulio Bertolini gives a summary of the re-
markable experiments of Professor Hertz on electrical
undulations, which were designed to verify the sug-
gested identity of light waves with electrical oscilla-
tions of the ether. Faraday thought this might be
true ; and Maxwell was also led to conclude that elec-
trical action is transmitted through space by means of
oscillations of the same order as the luminous waves ;
the difference between the two phenomena depending
only on the difference in the wave lengths. Prof. Hertz's
experiments are now declared to have demonstrat-
ed : (1) That the medium which intervenes in the phe-
nomena of electrical action is the same as that which is
the seat of luminous phenomena ; (2) that both species
of perturbations are propagated under the same con-
ditions, and with equal velocity ; (3) that there is
identity of nature between certain electrical and lum-
inous phenomena. Moreover, it is stated that one of
the greatest triumphs of Profes-
sor Hertz consists in having real-
ized an arrangement whereby
the length of the electrical wave
is considerably diminished ; thus
approaching the character of the
luminous wave, and shadowing
forth a prospect of the direct in-
dustrial production of electric
light. Indeed, different sources
of artificial light can be com-
pared by other than photome-
trical methods. Thus the lamps
may be inclosed in an opaque
calorimeter which measures the
total energy of radiation, and
again in a transparent calorime-
ter which permits the light radi-
ations to escape. The energy
represented by the latter will
then be measured by the differ-
ence between the two calorime-
tric determinations. Experiment
has given the following results
for the ratio of duty of different
luminous sources which can be
measured in this way as light,
the total radiations being taken
as unity : Candle, 000298 ; pe-
troleum lamp, 0"00315 ; gaslight
(kind not stated), 000317; oil
lamp, 0'00442 ; incandescent elec-
tric lamp, - 06 ; arc lamp, 0'1.
Thus the electric arc lamp,
which gives the highest duty of
all, wastes nine-tenths of its en-
ergy in non-luminous, invisible
heat rays. If these rays could
only be quickened, they would
appear as light ; and Professor
Hertz is in hopes of being able
to do something toward this end
by manipulating alternating cur-
rents.

«■♦
miscellaneous Notes.
The earthquake in Northern
California, on January 2, is re-
ported by Prof. Holden, of the
Lick Observatory, to have been
the most severe experienced in
that district since 1868. The ceil-
ings of the observatory were
cracked, the plaster falling to
the floor. The large equatorial
telescope is, however, believed
to be uninjured.

The most northerly railroad
on the globe is the new railway
from Lulea in Sweden, on the Gulf of Bothnia, and
Elvegaard in Norway, on the Atlantic, on the fiord
of Ofenten, thus cutting the Arctic circle. The new
railway will be opened next summer.

Resistance of the Air to a Locomotive. — Experiments
on the French railways show that the resistance of the
atmosphere to the motion of high speed trains amounts
often to half the total resistance. Two engines, of which
the resistance was measured separately and found
to be 19"8 pounds per ton at 37 miles per hour, were
coupled together and again tried. The resistance fell
to 14'3 pounds per ton. The second engine was masked
by the first. It may be argued from this that by a suita-
ble adaptation of the front of a locomotive, electrical
or otherwise, a saving of from 8 to 10 per cent of the
effective power could be made.

Distilled Spirits Consumed In the Arts.

According to the new census report, prepared by Mr.
Henry Bower and Mr. Henry Pemberton, Jr., the total
quantity of distilled spirits consumed in the arts, masn-
factures, and medicine in the United States during the
twelve months ending December 13, 1889, was 10,976,842
proof gallons.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.]

gtitutiixt %mtvum.

119

SEBPOLLET'S STEAM CABBIAOE.

Mr. Serpollet's inexplosive generator was described
by us at the time that it was presented to engineers
and the public. As well known, it consists of a capil-
lary metallic tube, in which water, when injected into
it, is immediately converted into steam. This remark-
able generator, which contains but a few cubic centi-
meters of water and no steam in reserve,
seeuied to us at the very outset admirably
adapted for satisfying certain exigences, and
especially those of the economical and practical
propulsion of vehicles. After first operating a
steam triqycle, Mr. Serpollet has within the
last two years successively constructed experi-
mental vehicles that have many times been
operated at Paris, and that in January, 1889,
permitted him, in company with Mr. Ernest
Archdeacon, to make a long trip to Lyons.
These preliminary studies led the inventor to
devise an absolutely practical type that we pro-
pose to make known to our readers.

As shown in Fig. 1, the new carriage is hand-
some and luxurious. The work, moreover, was
done by one of our best specialists. It has the
form of a large phaeton, and is capable of seat-
ing seven passengers — three aponeach seat and
one upon a bracket seat opposite. Nothing
of the comfort found in ordinary carriages is
lacking in this. The suspension is easy and the seats
are soft. In case of rain the hood in front can be put
up, as in other phaetons.

The generator is concealed from view. It is situated
in the rear between the two coal boxes, with which it
is connected by two passageways, through which the
fuel is fed automatically. The chimney is inverted.
Another chimney, used only for firing up, is carried in
a box. The water tank is placed under the seat to the
left. The supply of water permits of making .a trip of
30 kilometers, and the supply of fuel permits of a run
of 60 kilometers. In cities the fuel to be preferred iscoke,
on account of the absence of smoke. The total weight
of the carriage, charged with water and fuel, is 1,250
kilogrammes. It carries then 70 kilogrammes of fuel
and 90 of water. The mean vaporization of the gene-
rator is 80 kilogrammes per hour. The consumption per
horse and per hour does not exceed 14 kilogrammes.

The engine has two cylinders, the cranks are keyed
at right angles, and the admission of steam is made at
65 per cent. The power, which is that of four horses,
may momentarily attain that of six. The arrangement
of the transmission is such that two speeds may be em-
ployed, one for gradients and the other for running on
a level. With the latter, a speed of 25 kilometers per
hour is obtained and maintained practically upon a
good road. This speed it would be imprudent to ex-
ceed, or even at times to maintain. With the other
speed, the carriage loaded with its seven passengers
has ascended gradients of 8 centimeters per meter over
heavy roads charged with pebbles.

Firing up is effected as in ordinary stoves, and in
twenty minutes everything may be put in a state for a
trip. The starting is effected by means of a hand
pump. The water introduced into the generator in-
stantly vaporizes, and the carriage begins to move.
The feeding continues auto-
matically. The steering han-
dle serves also to regulate the
speed. It is capable of mak-
ing a rotary motion upon its
axis and of opening and clos-
ing an orifice for the return of
the water to the tank. It re-
quires but one hand for the
steering. As with stationary
generators, stoppage is effect-
ed by cutting off the feed. The
most sudden stoppage is ef-
fected through a brake with a
pedal placed within reach of
the driver's foot. No inspec-
tion apparatus is necessary,
and it is, therefore, possible
(as experience has demon-
strated) to travel during the
darkest night with a simple
lamp for lighting the road-
way.

The carriage is provided
with a pressure gauge, which,
without being necessary,
gives some very interesting
readings. It renders evident
one of the great merits of the
Serpollet generator, and that
is its capability of reaching
high pressures instantaneous-
ly and without danger.

If, on throwing the carriage
into gear, it is in a tight place and a pressure of 10 atmo-
spheres does not suffice to set it running, the injection
is continued up to 15, 18, or 20 atmospheres if need be,
and this rise of temperature takes place spontaneously
at the very moment that it is necessary, and that, too.

without danger. The Serpollet generators are tested
to 100 atmospheres and are registered at 94. They are
tested to 300 at the works before the test of the admin-
istration of mines.

There is another interesting point to be mentioned :
According as the carriage is running on a level or up
or down hill, the pressure, without one's having to oc-

Fig. 2.-SECTI0N OF THE VEHICLE.

A. Starting lever. M. Two-cylinder engine. G. Inexplosive generator.
pipe. V. Handle for change of speed. K. Steering handle.

T. Smoke

cupy himself with the apparatus, remains stationary
or descends or rises of itself, according as the motor
meets with a greater or less resistance. The peculiarities
of the Serpollet generator explain the facility with
which a new effort may be given to the motor of the
carriage in difficult passages, either for avoiding an im-
pediment or for traversing a bad road. A simple sup-
plementary injection with the hand pump suffices to
obtain the desired effect. The pressure rises, the
quantity of steam produced increases, and the new

Fig. 3-

Generator. B.

FLAN

Motor. C C. Coal boxes.
E. Fuel feeders.

VEHICLE.

D. Water tank.

stress is exerted as if by a horse. No inspection is
necessary on stopping, and no obstruction occurs in
the generator, whatever be the quality of the water
supplied to it.

Mr. Serpollet's steam carriages have been authorized
by the prefecture of police to be run freely in Paris,
with a single restriction, and that is, they must not ex-
ceed a speed of 16 kilometers per hour.

Mr. Serpollet was kind enough recently to offer us a
seat in his first steam carriage. After taking us to the

Humming Bird Notes.
These little sunbeams of birds, as the Western Indians
called them, are only found in North and South Ame-
rica and the islands adjacent. They are more thickly
distributed in the equatorial section, and are there
known as "sun birds." The peculiar and often beau-
tiful formation, and the iridescent coloration of their
plumage, are characteristics that excite the
wonder and admiration of all observers, natu-
ralists and laymen. The long-tailed humming
bird of Jamaica (Tr6chilus polytmus) is more
transcendent in beauty of form and color than
the celebrated emerald paradise bird of New
Guinea.

Some species range north to the Arctic re-
gions and south to Patagonia, and from the
level of the sea to the cold heights of the
Andes, but, wherever found, the hues of emer-
ald and ruby, and amethyst and topaz, flash
from their beautiful forms. Everything in
their organization contributes to give them
great power and rapidity of flight, and they are
able to balance themselves in the air or beside
a flower with a facility which finds a parallel
only among some of the insects. The bill is
awl-shaped, thin, sharp-pointed, straight or
curved. The tongue, which is split almost to
its base, forming two hollow threads, can be
protruded at will, and, while their main food is as-
suredly the distilled juice of flowers, they will not
live when deprived entirely of insect food.

There are about 400 species of humming birds, but
only six or seven are native to the United States.
Among the most prominent species, esteemed for
the singular formation and color of their plumage, we
find, first, the "long-tailed" humming bird, which is
found only in Jamaica. The upper part of this beau-
tiful creature is of a green color, glossed with gold ;
the wings are purple brown, and the tail, nearly three
times longer than the body, is black, with a steel-blue
reflection. Its length, including the tail, is about ten
inches. Another remarkable species, not especially
brilliant in plumage, is the "sword-bill," with a beak
nearly as long as the rest of its body. The copper-
bellied, puff-leg humming birds have a tuft of pure
white, downy feathers, which envelop each leg, hence
Its name. The " white-booted racket-tail" is another
brilliant, and is noted for its remarkable swiftness of
flight, darting like an arrow through the air. Many
other species are deeply interesting, and their names
also will suggest the brilliancy of their coloration. We
name a few : Little flame-bearer, Princess Helena's
coquette, the snow-cap, spangled coquette, the ruby,
topaz, blue-tailed sylph, Cayenne fairy, and many
others with characteristic names and beauty.

While in their daring flight some of the wading birds
cleave their way through the clouds and sweep a whole
hemisphere, a little family of humming birds have only
a rose bush for their universe. Like an elegant vase
ornamented with lichen8,'a downy nest of cotton is
balanced on the extremity of the most slender branch
of the plant, while these aerial diamonds make prey of
the insects which the flowers attract, or drink the
pearls of dew which their petals distill. Such, Pouchet
tells us, is the life of the
sparkling-tailed humming
bird. In the same manner,
according to Gould, the
" emeralds of Brazil," as they
are commonly called, robed
in changing green, set up their
family nests upon the slender,
pendent stems of the creep-
ers, from the vicinity of which
they never move. Rocked by
the zephyr, the female broods
tranquilly on her eggs, while
her lord flits amorously near
her ; here are spent all the
happy days of the gentle pair.
— Nature's Realm.

Fig. l.-SERPOLLET'S STEAM PHAETON.

Bois, he brought us back to Paris through the Champs
Elysees and the great boulevards, running his vehicle
amid carriages and crowds with remarkable precision.
It seems to us that a great progress is here realized
and an important proolem solved. — La Nature.

Earthquake Photography.

We learn from the Revista
Scientifico Industriale that
Signor Baratta's device is
briefly this : The telephone
wire is connected with a sub-
terranean microphone. Be-
fore the telephone diaphragm
(vertical), and connected with
its center by a fine aluminum
wire, is a short slip of the same
metal, fixed below, ana hav-
ing a curved piece at the
top, which rests against, a
small mirror, movable about
a horizontal axis. This mir-
ror reflects the light from a lamp and lens to photo-
graphic paper on a rotated drum. The light is mo-
mentarily shut off every quarter of an hour by a shut-
ter arrangement, worked electro-magnetically by the
clockwork which moves the drum.

) 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

120

Scientific JlmmcML

[February 21, 1891.

Astronomical Expedition to Parn.

Professor William H. Pickering sailed from New
York for Arequipa, Peru, on December 20, accom-
panied by Mr. A. E. Douglas and Mr. R. D. Vickers,
who will assist him in his astronomical work. The
Harvard College Observatory has, until recently, occu-
pied a station on Mount Harvard, near Chosica, in ,
Peru, where, under the direction of the Messrs. Bailey,
photographs of the southern heavens have been ob-
tained with the Bache photographic telescope, aper-
ture 8 inches, focal length 44 inches. Measures of the
light of the-bright and faint stars have also been made
with the meridian photometer. These measures will
furnish the material for determining the magnitudes
of the southern stars brighter than the magnitude 6 '3,
and thus extending the " Harvard Photometry *' to the
south pole. Measures have also been obtained of
stars of the ninth magnitude and brighter, distributed
in zones similar to those recently published in Vol.
XXIV. of the H. C. O. Annals. In consequence of the
long duration of the rainy season at Mount Harvard,
the instruments have been removed to Arequipa,
which has an elevation of about 8,000 feet above the
sea level, where a station has been established. There,
under the direction of Professor W. H. Pickering, the
photometric observations will be completed and the
work of the Bache telescope continued and extended.
The plan of work for this instrument is to cover the
sky from — 20° to the south pole, first with chart plates
having 10 minutes' exposure, second with chart plates
having 60 minutes' exposure, third with spectrum
plates having 10 minutes 1 exposure, and fourth with
spectrum plates having 60 minutes' exposure. Each of
these researches will cover the sky twice, so that at
least eight photographs of every bright star will be ob-
tained.

It is further proposed that, while the instrument re-
mains in Peru, the first of this series of plates be re-
peated each year, in order to furnish a means of de-
termining and discussing the variability of large proper
motion in the stars. Professor Pickering has taken
with him the Boyden photographic telescope, aperture
13 inches, which, until lately, has been employed in
photographing the objects of interest in. the heavens
which could be advantageously obtained at the station
on Wilson's peak in southern California. With this
instrument he will continue to photograph the moon,
planets, double stars, clusters, and nebulae. In addi-
tion to this, by placing a prism over the object glass,
the spectra of the brighter southern stars will be ob-
tained with this instrument, on a scale which will ren-
der the photographs comparable with those of the
northern stars obtained with the 11 inch Draper tele-
scope at Cambridge, thus extending this important in-
vestigation also from pole to pole. A meteorological
station will be attached to the observatory at Are-
quipa, which will furnish interesting records of atmo-
spheric conditions prevailing at this elevation. The
series of meteorological observations at Viconcaya, ele-
vation 14,600 feet, at Puno, elevation 12,500 feet, and
at Mollendo, near the sea level, will also be continued.
The Messrs. Bailey, who at present have charge of the
observing station at Arequipa, will probably return to
Cambridge in April, bringing with them the meridian
photometer. — Sidereal Messenger.

The Del Norte Well.

It is an artesian well with an abundant flow of pure
water, sufficient to irrigate a considerable body of
land. That would be enough for any one but a San
Luis man, but this is mineral water. It is efferves-
cent, very palatable and extremely healthful. Nor is
this all ; the force of the water brings up from the
depths an occasional lump of native silver or a gold
nugget. The frugal farmer has placed a sack of. wire
netting over the mouth of the well to catch the metal
and prevent it from choking the cows. Local scientists
claim that at a great distance down and under an en-
ormous pressure the water is washing away a ledge of
rock whose softer parts go into solution and give the
water its mineral qualities, but whose gold and silver,
not being dissolved, are brought to the surface in a
metallic state. — Pike's Peak Herald.

Polychromine.

Polychromine is the name given to primuline by a
Swiss manufacturer. He has found that the diazo
compound of this body is but slowly decomposed by
boiling with acids, and the product has no technical
value, but that when boiled with alkalies it is quickly
altered and a product is formed which has some tech-
nical value. The reaction is carried out as follows :
50 1H. of polychromine are dissolved in 100 gal. of
water, mixed with 30 lb. hydrochloric acid 30° Tw.,
and diazotized by adding 7 lb. nitrate of soda; then
30 lb. ammonia at 25 Be. are added; the mixture is
allowed to stand for about twelve hours, after which it
is boiled, when the new coloring matter forms. It is
separated out in the usual way. It dyes unmordanted
cotton a gold yellow, which is turned red by caustic
alkalies ; like the original color, it can be diazotized on
the fiber to form new shades.

•oda Lake.

A brief description of the interesting region of San
Bernardino County, Cal., cannot fail to be of interest.
There is a tradition among the Piute Indians to the
effect that during the time of their forefathers what is
now Soda Lake was at that time a vast sheet of water
20 miles long and 8 wide, which must have been fresh,
as the legend says the waters teemed with fish. It is
situated 500 feet above the level of the sea. There are
times when this great natural reservoir is filled to the
brim, particularly when heavy cloudbursts occur on
the slopes of the neighboring mountains, and the
waters rush in torrents down into the basin. Then the
subterranean channel or outlet is flushed and found too
small to carry off the flood. So great is the pressure
that the lake bed becomes a veritable geyser, spouting
mud and water violently.

On the southwest side of the lake is a considerable
area covered by sand dunes, which region has been
named in grim humor the Devil's Playground or Hell's
Half Acre. During the wind storms which frequent
this section, millions of tons of sand are shifted in a
great circle about 12 miles in diameter from one side of
the lake to the other, the central portion of the area
remaining seemingly undisturbed, covered by a snowy
white crystallization of soda.

Along the west side of the lake for a distance of four
miles occur springs of pure water which flow down to
the lake's margin, where the greedy sands swallow up
the streams. The largest spring flows from a fissure
in the solid blue limestone which forms the bedrock of
the region. The water from this spring flows about 18
miles before it is lost in the desert sand. There are
numerous other springs on the southeast side of the
lake.

Soda Lake station is situated about 75 miles east of

p

Daggett on the line of the old emigrant road from Salt
Lake. Its mean temperature is about 80 degrees. To
the northward, a deep, rugged canyon has been cut
down into the limestone. Passing through this can-
yon we come to another dry basin, known as Crystal
Lake. In size its area is 60 miles, 12 long by 5 wide.
This basin is filled at times, though rarely, by the
overflow from the Mojave River.

Making our way through another pass for a distance
of 12 miles, we reach the confluence of the Mojave and
Amargosa rivers, where a spur of the Ivanatz Moun-
tains forms one of the river banks. On the westerly
slope of this range occur the salt spring and Amargosa
mine, which were discovered by John A. Golden in
1849, while on his way from St. Louis, Mo., with an
emigrant train. It was this same train which divided
at King's Springs in Nevada. It was from this circum-
stance that the sensational stories arose which have
recently been published giving lengthy descriptions of
the terrible sufferings and ultimate death of a hundred
or more men, women and children in Death Valley
while endeavoring to cross the desert. The loss of life,
though not near so great as reported, occurred with
that portion of the train which Mr. Golden left. After
leaving the main train in Nevada, he started with his
own outfit for Los Angeles, California. Traveling
down the Amargosa River, he camped one day at Salt
Spring, and it was while here that he made his way
up the mountain side and found a piece of heavy black
mineral.

Not being familiar with it, but thinking it might
possibly have value, he took it with him to camp,
eventually taking it to Los Angeles, where he showed
it to a number of gentlemen, who at once unhesitat-
ingly pronounced it gold, covered with a black oxide
of iron. He was offered $5,000 to guide a party to his
discovery, to which he consented, though it was with
the distinct understanding that should he fail to show
them his treasure trove, or in the event of his becom-
ing lost on the desert, his life should pay the forfeit.
Mr. Golden readily consented, for he had every con-
fidence in being able to guide his party directly to
the spot.

A party was promptly formed and left Los Angeles
to face the dangers of a reported unknown and terri-
ble desert in search of the golden treasure. The hardy
pioneer had no difficulty in finding Salt Springs, and
went jnto camp at that place in high spirits ; but his
satisfaction at having reached his journey's end was
soon turned to consternation when he was unable to
find the place at which he had discovered the gold. He
tried to keep the dreadful fact from his companions for
a time, but they were after gold, and soon became so
importunate that he was obliged*to confess his ina-
bility to find the place again, though the while earn-
estly protesting his good faith. His copartners felt
themselves duped, and angrily recalled the unfortu-
nate man to the terms of the contract, coolly inform-
ing him that if he had any prayers to say it was time
to commence.

In an agony of despair, though believing the place
must be near, he sank on the ground and buried his
face in his hands. One of the party approached and
stood glaring at him, when casually glancing on the
ground at the doomed man's feet, he saw a piece of
mineral similar to that exhibited by Mr. Golden in Los
Angeles. The mine was located, the party then re-

turning to Los Angeles, where Mr. Golden was paid
his $5,000. A corporation known as the Salt Springs
Mining Company was formed, and in 1852 a five-stamp
mill was erected and kept in operation continuously
during the following winter seasons until January,
1864, at which time the Piute Indians, who were on the
warpath, massacred every one at the mine, burned the
mill and sacked the camp.

After the burning of the mill, Mexicans secured
leases on the property and worked the ore in arastras,
realizing, it is said, fabulous sums.

Undoubtedly the mine was of a pockety character,
a,8 it was afterward abandoned for years and relocated
a number of times. In 1880, under the management of
C. A. Luckhardt, of San Francisco, the concern was re-
organized and listed on the New York Stock Exchange,
where the stock sold as high as $15 a share. But little
work of development was done at the mine and the en-
tire scheme soon fell through, the mine finally becom-
ing the property of J. B. Osborne, of Daggett, the
present owner.

The water of Salt Springs contains about the same
percentage of chloride, of sodium as that of the sea.
The altitude is about 800 feet above sea level, and it is
situated about 60 miles directly northeast of Daggett.
At 1 P. M. May 2, 1890, the temperature was 88° in the
shade.

The many stories of fabulous discoveries in the desert
regions are to a great extent apocryphal, and have no
foundation in fact. Every mining district has its lost
cabin ; the desert region its Breyfogle, Lee, Gunsight,
Pegleg, and other fakes, on the rediscovery of which
both life and money to a considerable amount have
been lost without any good results.

My authority for the above version of the golden dis-
covery and ultimate result is Mr. M. Marsh, one of the
earliest pioneers of our State and county, and an in-
habitant of the desert region for many years. — Mining
and Scientific Press.

Cannon Ball Photography.

In our number for January 17 we published an en-
graving of what purported to be a photograph of a
shell in flight as fired from an 8 inch mortar, taken on
the grounds of the Michigan Military Academy, Orch-
ard Lake, Mich. The photograph was sent to us by
J. Sumner Rogers, colonel and superintendent of the
academy, who stated it was an instantaneous photo-
graph taken during practice firing under the com-
mand of Lieut. Frederick S. Strong, U. S. A.

Thereafter we received the following :

To the Editor of the Scientific American :

I notice in your issue of Jan. 17, 1891, a photo-
mechanical print from an original negative of a can-
non ball in motion. If I remember correctly, the ex-
perimenters in Hungary, in investigating projectiles in
motion, used a shutter speed of 0'0000076 of a second,
and then found the ball had moved visibly during the
exposure. Now I wish to state that at any time of
day when a shadow as long as that cast by the figure
in the foreground of this picture occurs, and with a
lens stopped down enough to give a sharp outline of
the distant woods and also of the adjacent officer, and
a shutter speed sufficient to get the ball at all, such a
fully exposed and graded photograph is an impossi-
bility ; in fact, I should say that anything more than
the faintest outline of the highest lights could never
be developed. Henry N. Potter,

Photographic Instructor Natural Science Camp,
Canandaigua Lake, N. Y.
Amherst, Mass., January, 1891.

We submitted the above letter to Col. Rogers, who
in reply informs us he believed the picture to be
genuiqe, but now finds he foolishly allowed himself to
be deceived by a dishonest photographer, who " inten-
sified" the ball so as to make it show in the picture.
The Colonel regrets, etc.

Preserving Timber for Piles.
Mr. E. A. Wallberg, in an article on the preservation
of timber in the Transit, is authority for the statement
that whatever preservative is to be applied, the timber
for piles subjected to the action of sea worms should
first be charred, so as to kill any germs near the sur-
face, open the pores of the wood for the antiseptic, and
destroy the nutritive upon which the worm lives while
beginning its action. The perfectly sound condition of
the piles in the Charleston wharves after seven years of
exposure proves the efficacy of this process, since un-
treated piles in those waterR are eaten entirely through
in less than two years. The Nicaragua Canal Construc-
tion Company also has given orders to char all the
piles to be used in the Greytown harbor work.

Some nickel-steel plates recently tested at the
Carnegie works, the specimens being cut from a three-
fourths inch plate, gave excellent results. The elastic
limit is said to have been 59,000 to 60,000 pounds, and
the ultimate strength 100,000 and 102,000 pounds. The
reduction of area was 29J£ per cent and 26}£ per cent
respectively.

) 1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.J

Scientific ^mtvxtnu.

121

Concerning Memory.

History furnishes us with a large number of examples
of wonderful memory.

Scaliger, an Italian, in twenty-one days committed
to memory the Iliad, which comprises 15,210 verses,
and the Odyssey, which also comprises a large num-
ber ; Lipsius, a professor at the University of Leyden,
offered to recite Tacitus' history in its entirety in the
presence of a person armed with a poignard, who
should stab him with it at the first error ; Louis XIII.,
after a year's time, could draw, from memory, the
plan of a country with all its details; and the actor
Lassaussiclere, after reading advertising sheets for an
hour, could repeat them textually, and this, it may be
said, by way of parenthesis, must have been pretty
wearisome. It is stated also that an Englishman who
had an extraordinary memory was introduced to
Frederick at Potsdam, and on the same day Voltaire
having brought some verses to the king, the latter
had the Englishman concealed and requested Voltaire
to read his work. " But these verses are not yours,"
said the king, " they were recited to me this morning."
He then produced the Englishman, who, to the great
astonishment of Voltaire, recited them without error.

It is especially in the legendary stories of antiquity
that we find numerous examples of extraordinary
memory. Let us recall the fact that to Adrian the
successor of Trajan, to Mithridates, to Themistocles,
to Scipio, to Cyrus, and to many others, is attributed
the faculty of remembering the names of all their
soldiers; that it is claimed that Hortensius the orator
attended a public sale lasting a whole day and re-
called, in order, all the objects sold and the names of
the purchasers ; and that the ambassador Cineas, hav-
ing been received in the senate, saluted by name, on
the following day, all the senators, whom he had seen
but once. These numerous examples from antiquity
are easily explained. In fact, before the dissemination
of the art of writing, the development of the memory
was indispensable. In our day, this faculty is less cul-
tivated, at least for ordinary requirements, since, by
means of notes, we can almost dispense with it. Yet
there is a memory that every one possesses and that
many persons are ignorant of, and that is the memory
of the eye, the memory of things seen, that of the artist
and the draughtsman — the faculty that permits the
latter to reproduce an ornament, for example, that
they have seen but once. This memory is possessed
by every one in a greater or less state of development,
for every one sees, and to a greater or lessextent classi-
fies in his brain the things seen, and that too without
being conscious of it. It is this memory of the eye
that forms an excellent mnemotechnical method. The
following are a few examples. Many soldiers, in order
to recall theory, endeavor to figure to themselves the
page recto verso and then the place on the page where
the article that they wish to recall is found. Certain
prestidigitators employ the same method for indicating
in a book the page and line containing a citation that
is made to them. Others, after having had repeated
to them any forty common names, at once repeat them
in order, either by commencing at the beginning or the
end, or at random, in assigning to each of them the
number of the order in which it has been given. An
author of the 16th century named Muret tells that he
once saw a Corsican to whom he dictated two thousand
Latin, Greek, and barbarous words having no affinity
with each other, and who repeated them to him in
order. This appears to us doubtful, for it is pretty
difficult to memorize and repeat forty words only, and
requires a well drilled memory. Yet with the memory
of the eye we can quickly reach the same result, not
with forty, but with twenty names, for the difficulty
increases in proportion to the number of words added.
It is necessary to proceed as follows : Let us suppose
that the first name given is "mouse ;" do not attempt
to recall the word, but consider your memory as a
sensitized photographic plate — in a word, make a
negative of the object, see before your eyes the animal
itself walking slowly and carrying a placard marked
No. 1. Let us take "hat" for the second name. Im-
agine a hat with the number 2 fixed above, as upon
the hat of a conscript. For No. 3 let us suppose
"chair." Imagine a chair provided with a number
showing its price as marked by the dealer, etc. You
will then easily recall the succession of the objects and
the number of their order and will be able to name
them in every way possible. Proceed in this manner
up to ten, and then the next day up to twelve, and so
on, gradually increasing the number. After a few
repetitions of this exercise, you will be astonished at
the ease with which you will succeed in retaining
twenty or more words, absolutely classified in your
mind as if on drawing paper, so that when you are
asked the number the name will come to your mind,
and reciprocally. This is a pleasing diversion for
family reunions on long winter evenings. — M. Alber,
prestidigitator, in La Nature.

CENTRIFUGAL ACTION OF AIR.

BT SIO. II. HOPKINI.

That air has sufficient mass to enable it when set in
motion to do work is shown by every whirlwind, by

Fig. l.-THE " SKELETON SPHERE."

&

the action of the windmill, by the sailing of vessels, and
in other ways. The grandest example of the centri-
fugal action of air is furnished by some of the move-
ments of the entire atmospheric envelope of the earth ;
the upward currents at and in the vicinity of the
equator, the downward movement of the air at the
poles, and the winds blowing along the earth's surface
from the poles toward the equator are due in part at
least to centrifugal force. Any body revolving in air
furnishes a partial illustration of this principle, the de-
fect in the illustration being the absence of a force to

Fig. 2. -AIR CURRENTS SHOWN BY FLAME AND SMOKE.

hold the same body of air always in contact with the
revolving body.

A very simple and effective piece of apparatus applied
to the whirling table for showing the effect of centri-
fugal force on air was described some time since in a
foreign scientific journal. The writer has applied this
apparatus to the scientific top (already described in
t'.ese columns), in the manner fully illustrated by Fig.
1. The construction of the attachment is shown in
Fig. 2, and Fig. 3 shcvs the direction of the air cur-
rents.

The apparatus consists of a metal tube loosely fitted

A very extensive domestic industry in Russia con-
sists of the manufacture of wooden spoons, which are
made to the amount of 30,000,000 annually. They are
nearly all made of birch.

skeleton sphere — if such an expression may be used— of
two vertical circular disks intersecting each other at
the axis of rotation, these two disks being intersected
at the equator by another at right angles to the axis.

The top being in rapid motion, the apparatus is
placed upon the stem, and being revolved at the same
rate as the top, it throws out air at the equator which
is continually replaced by air drawn in at the poles.
The direction of the air currents is clearly shown by
holding a lighted wax taper near the apparatus at the
poles, aud at the equator, as shown in Fig. 2, or by
creating a smoke in the vicinity of the top.

A paper ring, % inch or % inch wide, and ^ inch
larger in internal diameter than the sphere, is sup-
ported by the outrushing air, in a plane nearly coin-
ciding with the equator. If displaced and released, it
immediately returns to its original position.

Professor W. C. Peckham, of Brooklyn, who has been
experimenting with a large sphere of this kind, thinks
that the trade winds could be fairly illustrated by the
apparatus, provided it could be inclosed, so as to
cause the same body of air r.o circulate continually
from pole to equator, and in the reverse direction.

Inoculation by Mosquitoes against Yellow Fever.

Drs. Finlay and Delgado, of Havana, have published
in the Revista de Ciencias Medinas some statistics of
their practice of inoculating persons newly arrived in
Cuba against yellow fever by means of mosquitoes
which have been caused to contaminate themselves by
stinging a yellow fever patient. These observations
have been carried on for the last ten years, and, in
addition to a certain number which are still incom-
plete, may be said to consist of fifty-two cases of mos-
quito inoculation which have been fully followed up.

Of these, twelve experienced between the fourth and
the twenty-sixth day after inoculation a mild attack
of yellow fever, with or without albuminuria; twelve
experienced no symptoms of yellow fever either with-
in twenty-five days after the inoculation or during
three years subsequently ; twenty-four experienced no
symptoms within twenty-five days, but contracted a
mild attack before the end of three years, either un-
complicated by albuminuria altogether or with only a
very transient appearance of it ; three who had had
no symptoms within twenty-five days contracted well
marked yellow fever within three years ; one patient
who had a mild attack in consequence of inoculation
contracted a severe attack later on, which proved
fatal ; that is to say, that of those who had been in-
oculated, only about 8 per cent contracted the disease
in a well marked form, with a mortality of under 2
per cent. In order to enable us to appreciate the sig-
nificance of these figures, the authors mention that
they observed sixty-five monks who from time to time
arrived in Havana, where they all lived under similar
conditions. Thirty-three of these were inoculated, and
thirty-two were not. Only two of the inoculated con-
tracted well marked attacks, which, however, did not
prove fatal, whereas eleven of those that had not been
inoculated were severely attacked, no less than five dy-
ing. It is remarked that inoculations performed in
the cold weather are not entirely trustworthy, and
that they should be followed up by a repetition in
the spring, also that experience shows that a person
who has been three years in the city without contract-
ing the disease has become "acclimatized," and is very
unlikely to be attacked at a subsequent period. — Lan-
cet.

— — — ■»<«,«■

Prizes for Road Pliotograplis.

To stimulate the collection of photographs to be used
in showing the need of improved roads in the United
States, the New York and Connecticut divisions of the
League of American Wheelmen offer prizes aggregat-
ing one hundred dollars for the best collections of pho-
tographs of such subjects as most strongly illustrate
the unfitness of the present public roads (especially the
common "dirt" roads) to be used as public highways,
including photographs showing the common spectacle
of the farmer's team or the merchant with his loaded
wagon vainly trying to drive his patient team and load
out of the inevitable mud hole, and other pictures
illustrating the goodness of good roads and the bad-
ness of bad roads — the proper thing in this line.

Each photograph must be accompanied by a full
statement of particulars, giving date, location, etc.,
by which the picture may be identified. The competi-
tion will close on the first day of May, 1891.

Fig. 3.-PAPER RING SUPPORTED BY AIR.

to the stem of the top and provided at its upper end
with a tin disk four inches in diameter, with four
quadrants of the same material attached to the disk
and tube below the disk and a similar arrangement of
quadrants above the disk, thus practically forming a

The Smithsonian Institution has just published the
first bulletin of the United States Board on Geographi-
cal Names. The board was organized in April, 1890,
for the purpose of removing a growing evil in the gov-
ernment publications. There was a difference in or-
thography and nomenclature in the different bureaus
charged with publication, and even a lack of harmony
in those of a single bureau. The new board received
the formal sanction of the government by an executive
order dated September 4, 1890. Lieut. R. Clover, Hy-
drographic Office, Navy Department, is the secretary,
to whom all communications should be addressed.

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

122

Sftitntitit ^mmtm.

[February 21, 1891.

RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS.
Engineering.

Screw Propeller. — Benjamin F.

and Millard F. SJparr, New York City. According to
this invention there are arranged npon the propeller
shaft a series of spiral and tapering blades, with larger
auxiliary blades at the rear end, whereby it is designed
to increase the speed of a vessel, while the improve-
ment tan be applied without materially changing
present forms of construction.

Blast Furnace Hopper. — Benjamin

F.Conner, Columbia, Pa. Combined with the hopper
are two bells, an inner bell mounted to turn within an
outer one, openings of the two bells registering with
each other, and means for operating both bells and
rotating the inner one, to facilitate the distribution of
the charge within the furnace as desired.

Mechanical.

Saw Filing and Setting Machine.

— William H. Parry, New York City. Combined with
a pivoted gmdeway and a slide carrying a file holder is
a vertically adjustable friction roller engaging the
guide, the roller being carried by a lever which is given
a swinging motion by a cam, with other novel features,
whereby the saw is accurately fed and the teeth made
uniform, the invention being an improvement on a
former patented invention of the same inventor.

Die for Ornamental Work. — Wil-
liam Schumacher, Brooklyn, N. Y. This is a die for
ornamenting cardboard, leather, or similar materia),
and is composed of a suitable body of metal, rubber,
celluloid, or other substance, formed with apertures in
which are fitted glass projections of any desired form,
these projections being polished and covered with gold,
silver, etc., to form the lining of a socket made in the
material when the die is pressed therein.

Windmill. — William Palmer, Jr.,

Rincon, New Mexico. The construction of this wheel
is such that as the wind increases it, adjusts a crank pin
operating a reciprocating pitman to give an increased
resistance, and thus accomplish more work, while pre-
venting the wheel from moving at a dangerous speed,
the regulation of the speed being thus automatically
effected.

Ticket Printing Machine.— Gideon

B. Massey, Mamaroneck, N. Y. (deceased, Sarah R.
Massey and Stanley A. Bryant, administrators). This
invention provides a machine to print a ticket from
one station to any other station on a road, and at the
same time date and consecutively number all tickets
issued, and keep a record thereof, the invention cover-
ing a novel construction and arrangement of parts and
combinations of elements.

Agricultural.

Cultivator Attachment. — Edward

S. Bailey and James M. Coons, Orrick, Mo. A shoe is
pivoted to the end of the plow standard, and a peculiarly
constructed spring is adapted to bear upon the upper
end of the shoe and hold it in place, the shovel or plow
being secured to the lower end of the shoe, the im-
provement being designed to prevent accidents to the
plow from the striking of rocks, roots and other ob-
structions.

Planter and Fertilizer Distri-
buter.— Washington S. Jones, Meridian, Miss. This
is a box-like reservoir which maybe conveniently at-
tached to any plow stock, with a rearwardly and down-
wardly curved spout, and a stirrer and feeding device,
with means for operating the latter from the supporting
wheel, while the seed dropped are covered by blades at
the rear of the spout.

covers a novel construction and combination of parts in
a device whereby bottles may be conveniently and ex-
peditiously filled from a storage tank, keg, etc., while
the arrangement is such that the liquid so conveyed to
the bottles will be prevented from foaming.

Barrel Washer. — George A. Bid-

well, Pittsfleld, Mass. A hollow rotating shaft is
adapted for connection at one end with a steam and
water supply, its other end being formed as a support
for the barrel, while a branch pipe leading from the
shaft is adapted to discharge into the barrel, and an ad-
justable support for the barrel is arranged in line with
the shaft.

Grate Support. — Charles L. Beers,

Scranton, Pa. This is a support for the grates of
cooking stoves, furnaces, boilers, etc., designed to be
simple and inexpensive in construction, and to be
readily attached to or detached from the fire pot, the
supporting frames being of such form that they may be
cast in the ordinary moulds now in use.

Vehicle Seat.— Thomas J. Kerstetter,

East Brady, Pa. This invention covers a seat-back
support formed from a rod of spring metal bent to form
the base part, the side rail, the portion connected with
the back, and the upright brace arranged to brace the
portion which connects with the back bar, the seat and
back bar being of any suitable construction, and the
supports being sufficiently yielding to conduce to the
comfort of riding.

Clothes Hanger. — Emil Sundberg,

Eureka, Cal. This is a device of such construction
that all the clothes hung thereon may be quickly re-
moved, consisting of a simple and inexpensive rack of
novel form, whereby, when the clothes are withdrawn
from the rack, they will form into a bundle which may
be thrown over the shoulder and conveniently carried.
Note.— Copies of any of the above patents will be
furnished by Munn & Co., for 25 cents each. Please
send name of the patentee, title of invention, and date
of this paper.

miscellaneous.

Breech Loading Gun. — Julian

Warnant, Creon, Boignee-Cheratte, Belgium. This gun
has a movable breech block with cartridge-receiving
aperture, in which slides a bolt to throw the cartridge
and form an abutment, a pivoted locking bar engaging
the bolt, which also carries a firing pin, the invention
embracing other novel features, and the gun being self-
loading and self-cocking, and automatically ejecting
the empty shell.

Ventilating Apparatus.— George H.

Burrows, Somerville, Mass. This invention provides
an expansible air tank or reservoir constructed on the
principle of a gasometer, in connection with an air
supply pipe and pump to draw air from an elevation or
other desired point, and a delivery pipe connected with
the rooms to be ventilated and adapted to pass the air
through a heater if desired.

Dredger. — Hugo Roessler, Erbach-

on-the-Rhine, Germany. The vessel carrying this ap-
paratus has offsets on opposite sides, near which are
arranged centrifugal pumps provided with suction and
delivery pipes, prolonged pipes having a hall and
socket connection with the delivery pipes, for removing
sand and similar deposits at the bottom of a river or
harbor by directing a powerful stream against the ma-
terial to be removed.

Fender for Vessels. — Gustave O.

Stein, Pioche, Nevada. The bow or cutwater of the
vessel is, by this invention, provided with one or more
vertical rollers, hnng in a frame supported by horizon-
tal arms, whereby the rollers will be canted and tilted
in one direction or the other and roll along the sides of
a vessel against which they may strike, without doing
damage.

Drilling Machine. — Thomas Stanley,

Pueblo, Col. Combined with the framing, operating
mechanism and drill rope, are levers which support a
hanger for the drill devices, and ropes connecting the
outer ends of the levers with the operating mechanism,
the invention covering a novel construction and ar-
rangement of parts for a machine designed to drill
wells or to dig post holes, etc.

Bottle Filling Apparatus. —

AmaliaM. Donally, New York City. This invention

'SBuemceo and 'IBPerecmal.

The charge for Insertion under this head is One Dollar
a line/or each insertion : about eight words to a line.
Advertisements must be received at publication office
as early as Thursday morning to appear innext issue.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN

BU ILDING EDITION.

FEBRUARY N¥JMBKR.-(No. 64.)

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

1. Handsome plate in colors of an elegant residence on

Chestnnt Hill, Mt. Vernon, New York, erected at
a cost of $12,000 complete. Two perspective
views, floor plans, etc.

2. Colored plate representing an attractive residence

at Auburn Park, Chicago. Cost $7,000. Floor
plans, perspective elevation, etc.

3. Plans and perspective view of a carriage house

erected at South Orange, N. J., at a cost of $2,700
complete. H. H. Holly, Esq., architect, New
York,

4. A residence at South Orange, N. J. Cost $11,000

complete. Perspective elevation, floor plans, etc.
Architect, H. H. Holly, New York.

5. Handsome residence of Gothic design at German-

town, Pa., erected for Mr. B. P. Wilson. Per-
spective elevation and two floor plans.

6. Cottage in Sophia Avenue, Chicago, estimated cost

$2,800. Floor plans and perspective elevation.

7. Perspective elevation and floor plans of a recently

erected cottage at Stratford, Conn. Cost $2,700
complete.

8. A colonial residence erected at South Orange, N. J.,

from plans by Rositter & Wright, architects, New
York. Cost $17,000 complete. Perspective ele-
vation and two floor plans.

9. Cottage at Austin, Chicago. Estimated cost $3,700.

Floor plans, perspective view, etc.

10. Floor plans and perspective view of an elegant

cottage at A ustin, Chicago. Cost about $5,000.

11. A corner of a boudoir, designed by J. Armstrong

Stenbouse. Half page illustration from a colored
drawing, which appeared in the Royal Academy
exhibition last year.

12. A picturesque cottage of moderate cost at Austin,

Chicago. Two floor plans and perspective eleva-
tion. Estimated cost $900.

13. Miscellaneous contents: Jarrah wood.— Biographi-

cal sketch of Henry Schliemann,the archaeologist.
—Bronze castings. —The Scientific American a
help to builders. --American stone fields.— How
can iron pulleys be papered?— England's favor-
ite hard woods.— Floors.— Plaster.— Developments
of construction.— Corrosion of zinc in contact with
brick.— Etching upon glass.— Magnesia in cement.
—Our last year's volume.— Improved woodwork-
ing machinery, illustrated.— A novel calendar,
made of tin.— Broughton self-closing basin cock,
illustrated.— The Edson recording pressure gauge.
—A new gasoline engine, illustrated.— Universal
file handle, illustrated.— The Dunning hot water
heater.— Improved conduits for electric wires, il-
lustrated. — A thoroughly built parlor door
hanger, illustrated. — California fruit.— Labor-
saving appliances for the carpenter and builder,
illustrated.
The Scientific American Architects and Builders
Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies,
25 cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to about
two hundred ordinary book pages ; forming, practi-
cally, a large and splendid Magazine of Architec-
ture, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and
with fine engravings, illustrating the most interesting
examples of Modern Architectural Construction and
allied subjects.

The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience
of this work have won for it tfie Largest Circulation
of any Architectural publication in the world. Sold by
all newsdealers.

MUNN A CO.. Publishers,

861 Broadway, New York.

For Sale— New and second hand iron-working ma-
chinery. Prompt delivery. W. P. Davis, Rochester, N.Y.

Acme engine, 1 to 5 H. P. See adv. next issue.

Presses A Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. J

Send to H. W. Knight & Son, Seneca Falls, N. Y., for
catalogue of Pattern Letters and Figures.

Billings' Drop Forged Lathe Dogs, 12 sizes- -% to 4
Inches. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn.

Best Ice and Refrigerating Machines made by David
Boyle, Chicago, 111. 155 machines in satisfactory use.

Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube
Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York.

Screw machines, milling machines, and drill presses.
The Garvin Mach. Co., Laight and Canal Sts., New York.

Tight and Slack Barrel Machinery a specialty. John
Greenwood & Co., Rochester. N.Y. See illus. adv., p. 13.

Bids wanted for the manufacture and introduction of
Nicholls' strap and buckle shield. Address Wiley &
Ntcbolls, Galveston, Texas.

Guild & Garrison, Brooklyn, N. Y., manufacture
steam pumps, vacuum pumps, vacuum apparatus, air
pumps, acid blowers, filter press pumps, etc.

The best book for electricians and beginners in elec-
tricity is *' Experimental Science," by Geo. M. Hopkins.
By mail, $4 ; Munn & Co., publishers, 361 Broadway, N. Y.

For the original Bogardus Universal Eccentric Mill,
Foot and Power Presses, Drills, Shears, etc.. address J.
S. & G. F. Simpson, 26 to 36 Rodney St., Brooklyn, N. Y.

PsT~Send for new and complete catalogue of Scientific
and other Books for sale by Munn & Co.. 361 Broadway,
New York. Free on application.

mm

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or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our
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References to former articles or answers should
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some answers require not a little research, and,
though we endeavor to reply to all either by letter
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personal rather thau general interest cannot be
expected without remuneration.

Scientific American Supplements referred
to may be had at the office. Price 10 cents each.

Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of
price.

minerals sent for examination should be distinctly
marked or labeled.

(2832) H. A. B. asks for a liquid stove

polish. A. Mix 2 parts copperas, 1 part dry boneblack
or drop black, 1 part black lead, with enough water to
form a creamy paste. Apply with a dauber. The bone
black must be finely ground, and the purer the black
lead, the better.

(2833) J. J. L. asks how many grains are
intended for one ounce used in photographic formulas?
I notice some state particularly 437H grains to one oz.,
while others do not mention it. Is 480 grains intended
when not otherwise stated ? A. Yes; 437 V\ grains is
the standard commercial ounce avoirdupois, at which
photographic chemicals are sold by manufacturers.
When the number of grains is not mentioned, 480 should
be used, which is the troy ounce.

(2834) W. O. D. asks : What can be

mixed with plaster of Paris in order to make it harden
slowly? A. Three to ten per cent of powdered marsh-
mallow root.

(2835) A. W. R. asks for a recipe for an

ink with which to write and draw on glass for lantern
slides. A. Use very thick India ink. Also see query
No. 3704

(2836) L. L. B. asks : L What is the

best receipt for laying down eggs from June till Decem-
ber f A. Dipping an instant into melted lard or paraffin,
or oiling with linseed oil followed by packing in oats
or bran,is recommended. Or make a pickle of 1 bushel
of lime, 8 quarts salt, 250 quarts of water. Immerse
eggs in it, constantly stirring as they are inserted. 2.
What is the best receipt for any person to do up fine
shirts and collars, that will polish well and not be yel-
low when done ? A. For laundry work we refer you to
our Supplement, No. 577, and to the Scientific
American, No. 9, vol. 61. 3. What is the nearest point
to the north pole that has been attained by any one yet?
A. The highest northerly latitude was reached by Lieut.
Lockwood and Sergeant firainard, in 1883. It was on
the northern coast of Greenland, at 83° 24'. 4. Could a
pine box be partitioned off, and corners be painted so
that it will answer for battery cells ? A. Yes; it is
often done. Coatwith following mixture: 4 parts resin
and 1 part gntta percha, with a little boiled oil and
enough ground pumice to work well.

(2837) S. E. D. says : 1. Can I make a

good stock toning solution, to tone black, one that will
keep well, by following formula :
A

Chloride gold 15 grs.

Water 2 oz.

B

Bicarbonate of soda 115 grs.

Water 4 oz.

1 drachm A, 2 drachms B and 8 ounces of water. If not
a good formula, please give me one that is. A. The
formula is good, but for black tones the borax toning
bathdMcribvd oil page 225 of the April 13, 1889, issue of

the Scientific American is considered better. It
should be mixed fresh shortly before using. 2. I would
like a formula for a stock developer, one that can be
used repeatedly, and that will give density. I want it
more especially for instantaneous exposures which are
rather under-exposed. I have been using an eikono-
gen developer similar to one of those mentioned in
*' Development of Dry Plates," by Mr. Burbank, but
it gives very thin negatives, with such faint detail that
they have to be printed in the shade. Is there no
remedy ? A. With any developer that may be devised it
is impossible to produce an image if the light has had no
effect on the sensitive film, as is the case when a plate
is described as being rather nnder-exposed. Generally
such exposures only develop on the surface, as the
light has not had time to affect the underlying particles
of silver. We advise the use of the eikonogen and
potash developer. If this fails to produce an effect, no
other developer is likely to. Make the eikonogen as fol-
lows :

No. 1.

Warm water ..40 oz.

Sulphite sodium 2 "

Eikinogen 1 **

No. 2.

Water 3 oz.

Carbonate of potash 1 "

Take two ounces of No. 1, and add from one to two
drachms of No. 2, or three drachms if necessary to bring
out the details, allow from half to three-quarters of
an hour's time for the development of one plate, should
it be greatly under-exposed, and see that the tempera-
ture of the solutions is 70° Fah. Density is only ob-
tained by a strong eikonogen solution and length
of time of development. 3. What is the cause of the
bubbles which form between the albumen and the
paper in silver prints ? How can I avoid them ? And
if they are not to be avoided, how can I cure them? A.
Air bubbles in albumen prints are usually due to the
difference iu temperature of the different solutions;
they should all be kept at 70° Fah. If the prints are
put into a weak solution of salt and water prior to
toning, their appearance may be prevented.

(2838) T. C. B. asks : Is it not a fact

that statistics show that the Indians in the United
States are increasing in numbers? That is, has not each
reservation a larger population than twenty years ago?
A. Indian statistics are not very reliable. The point
you make has been advanced before. They are decreas-
ing on the reservations. From 1889 to 1890 there was a
decrease of over 1000 out of 133,382 reservation Indians.

(2839) A. B. asks how to make a paste
for mounting photograph prints. I have tried starch
paste by the formula given in books on photography,
but in some cases the corners of prints come loose, so
should like to have a formula that you could recom-
mend, both as to quality for holding the print on card
mount after reasonably rough usage, without corners
becoming loose, and to contain no chemical that could
in any manner cause the print to fade. I am using
Bradfisch aristotype paper. Should the prints be wet or
moistened ?

A. Nelson 's No. 1 photographic gelatine 4 oz.

Water 16 **

Dissolve the gelatine in warm water, then add :

Glyceriue 10 oz.

Alcohol 5 "

Another mountant is as follows :

Arrowroot 150 grs.

Water S% oz.

Previous to adding the arrowroot dissolve in warmed
water 15 grains of gelatine. After boiling them with the
arrowroot added, let it coo) and add si^is drachms of
alcohol and a few drops of carbolic acid. The prints
should be slightly moistened prior to mounting. It is
a good plau loo to put them in a hand screw copying
press for a minute after mounting, which insures even
contact of all portions of the picture. 2. Please inform
me of a method of producing a good glace finish on pho-
tographs. A. A glace appearance may be given to
prints by rubbing over the surface lightly with clean
flannel the encaustic paste made by dissolving in 200
grammes of benzole the following ingredients:

Gum elemi 10 grms.

Essence of lavender 300 "

Oilofspike 15 "

Filter and add

Pure virgin wax 500 **

The whole should be set on a water bath, which will
aid in dissolving the wax. To make the paste thinner
add more of the essence of lavender.

(2840) G. E. asks (1) how to prepare the
white that is used by gilders on white and gold frames.
A. Soak 4J^ ounces fine glue iu water, add water to l^J
pints, boil. Mix 8% ounces Spanish and 4% ounces
French chalk, triturate with the glue water, and apply
ny spattering. The mass should be of consistency of
sirup. 2. How to make composition ornaments hold to
polished shellac surfaces. A. Scrape off the shellac.
3. What is a laminated core ? A. A core made of sheet
metal in layers. 4. What is vulcanized fiber ? A. In
general some form of parchmentized paper. Parchment-
izing is effected by immersing paper In a cold mix-
ture of 2 volumes oil of vitriol and 1 volume water,
washing in water and then with dilute ammonia. 5.
How can shellac be dissolved without using alcohol ?
A. By borax solution, or after long standing by strong
ammonia water.

(2841) O. M. says : 1. Will you kindly
publish the names of the various photographic printing
processes employed at the present time, stating their re-
spective merits, also a brief description of their manipu-
lation ? By doing so you will greatly oblige an amateur
photographer who is undecided as to the printing
method he should adopt. A. We advise you to con-
sult " The Amateur Photographer," by Ellerslie Wal-
lace. Price $1. Also Wilson's "Quarter Century of
Photography." Price $4. 2. Is the inhaling of vapors
arising from the manufacture of oil varnishes delete-
rious to health ? A. If the manufacture is carried on
in a confined apartment, yes. 3. Are the lenses such
as used in No. 4 Kodaks made from solid pieces of
glass? A. We think they are. 4. In any cane how
many sections are there ? A. Claimed to be achro-

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

February 21, 1891.J

Scientific ^mtxitm.

123

matic, two sections in front and rear. 5. Would not
the employment of a thicker celluloid film for ne-
gatives prevent the same from stretching and losing
its true fiat surface ? A. Yes, but it would be more
costly. Carbutt's fllm3 are thicker than others.

(2842) M. B. asks : 1. Can you develop
dry plates after night by a ruby light in a small room,
just the same as in a closet or dark room in daylight ?
A. Yes. 2. After fixing the negative and rinsing in
water, can the plates be exposed to the light while dry-
ing, or must they be left in the dark room until per-
fectly dry ? A. Day light will not hurt them. 3. In
producing a positive, can yon print from the negative
without the rays of the sun ? If so, in what way ? A.
Yes; by using bromide paper and a kerosene light.

(2843) J. H. asks : 1. Could you give

formula for a ferrotype varnish which would dry very
glossy when applied to the finished tintype cold or
warm? A. A varnish may be made as follows :

Alcohol (95 per cent strong) 50 parts.

White shellac .12 "

To which add a few drops of oil of lavender. 2. There
is a certain varnish sold as celluloid varnish, which
smells strongly of bananas; could you give approxi-
mative formula of it? Would this last, celluloid varnish
not answer the purpose for tintype varnish f A. We
think it is largely composed of pyroxyline and a solvent.
It can be used on ferrotypes without heat, and should
give a good gloss. The vatnish is made by the Fred-
erick Crane Chemical Company, Short Hills, N.J. 3.
Please give a description of how to make the simplest
constructed developing rocking machine, that will rock
for at least half an hour. A. Suspend a pendulum rod
three feet long from a bench, with a heavy weight at-
tached to the lower end. Arrange a flat plate at upper
end, on which rest the developing dish. Pushing the
pendulum once in a while will keep it in motion, or a
clock movement can be attached to do it.

(2844) F. A. H. asks how to prepare

views for the magic lantern. A. Use the Eastman or
Carbutt lantern slide plates, to be had from dealers in
photo, materials. Consult EHerslie Wallace's book,
" The Amateur Photographer," price $1.

(2845) J. W. F. asks: I. How to dissolve

crude or virgin rubber so it will be perfectly pliable and
absorb all waste gold around a finisher's bench in a
book bindery. A. You need what artists use under the
name of burned rubber. Its manufacture is described
in " Rubber Hand Stamps and the Manipulation of Rub-
ber." $1 by mail. 3. How are the water marks made
in silk? A. By hot calendering between engraved
rollers.

(2846) C. R. M. says : I have a camera

the bellows of which leaks light very badly. What ap-
plication can I use which would afford an impervious
coating, to repair the damage ? A. Dissolve some shellac
in alcohol, add lamp black till it is black, then apply
with a brush until the holes are filled. If this does not
answer, paste strips of thin rubber over damaged parts
with rubber cement.

(2847) C. M. W. asks : Is the using of

condensed steam in a boiler injurious to the boiler ?
Some claim that it eats the flues out more rapidly after
having been condensed, that the acids from animal oil
lubricants is the cause, and that mineral oil lubrication
does not leave any injurious acid. Others claim it is some
natural property of the condensed steam that causes
the trouble, and not the fatty acids. Please state
whether it is true that condensed steam reused in a
boiler is injurious, and if so, please give fully the cause.
A. The water from condensed steam does no harm to
boilers. If the engine oil or tallow is carried in with
the water, it is a damage to the boilers. It collects dirt
and scale and forms an oil cake that may lodge on the
shell over the fire or on the tubes and cause them to
burn or bulge. The acids of fat lubricants are injurious
to boiler tubes. If it is necessary to use the exhaust
steam, it should be condensed and run into a separating
tank, where the oil could be skimmed off.

(2848) M. E. M. writes I want to use

an incandescent lamp of one candle power at night to
see what time it is on my watch by pressing a button,
lamp not to be lighted any more than a minute at a time.
A. Use two cells of Leclanche battery. If used for no
other purpose, the battery should work well for at least
six months without attention.

(2849) T. D. W., Jr., asks: Canyouerive

me any information or any book in which I can find
how to place a photograph on a brick so as to use it as
a paperweight? I have a brick from an old church that
has been pulled down, and the lot sold. On this brick
I wish to place a photograph so that it can oe easily
seen. Would it be possible to make it smooth enough
to put a film on it, as in the wet plate process, and if so
how could the brick be made smooth enough to do this ?
A. See Scientific American Supplement, No. 382.
Get some stone cutter to polish the surface of the brick,
then, brush over it a silicate of soda solution; when dry
brush over a solution of gelatine 5 grains dissolved in
water 10 ounces. Then make a positive print of the
picture on Eastman's transferrotype bromide paper, and
squeegee it on to the brick. After removing the paper
and drying, protect with a coating of diamond varnish.

(2850) W. H. writes \ You sent me a re-
cipe for a magnesium compound composed as follows:

Chlorate of potash 3 parts.

Perchlorate " 3 "

Magnesium powder 4 "

Now I have tried to obtain perchlorate of potash at all
the largest chemical places in Boston, without success.
One chemist said he could make me some, but it would
immediately be converted into chlorate upon exposure
to the air. A. It is made by projecting powdered
chlorate of potash into warm nitric acid, and on stand-
ing, or if necessary after evaporation, the crystals sepa-
rate, as it is not very soluble. Itcan be prepared by any
competent chemist and will not decompose as Btated in
your query.

(2851) J. R. W. asks how a deposit of

copper deposited from a bath of copper sulphate may
be made to adhere permanently to a n d of soft Iron.
It will deposit rapidly, bat is easily washed off. A. You

can only produce adherence of a thin coating by simple
immersion. To get a thick one you must use a battery
and preferably a cyanide solution of copper. See our
Supplement, No. 310, for details, etc.

(2852) W. H. asks : Which is the poorer

conductor of heat, glass, china, stone, or earthenware,
and can they be modeled in any shape or form ? A. We
should think there would be little difference. Almost
any shape can be given them.

(2853) R. M. L. asks in what numbers of

Scientific American he can find good paste solutions
for gummed paper, such as will not stain, stick too
tight, or be poisonous. A. Gum arabic with enough
oil of cloves to give a slight perfume is excellent. See
Scientific American, vol. 53, No. 15. We have many
times published postage mucilage In the queries. Tight
sticking is considered desirable.

(2854) G. F. C. asks : 1. If I place a

lighted lamp (oil or spirit) or a candle in a jar or vee-sel
and immediately hermetically seal it, when the light is
extinguished, what will the vessel contain ? What will
the pressure on the inside of the vessel be? Or what
fraction of a vacuum will I obtain? A. The pressure
will be slightly reduced on cooling, so as to produce a
slight vacuum of perhaps one or two pounds to the
square inch less than atmospheric pressure. 2. Can I
ignite an oil or spirit lamp with a battery? If so, what
number of cells will I require? A. You can by arrang-
ing a fine platinum wire across the wick, and heating it
to white heat. Three or four bichromate cells should
suffice. It is not a very practical method. 3. What
material could I substitute for a lamp which would
readily ignite and take up the oxygen? A. Phospho-
rus will absorb oxygen without igniting. Nitric oxide
and water will do the same. A hydrogen flame will be
effectual also. 4. Can a vacuum or partial vacuum be
obtained by means of a battery ? A. A rod or fila-
ment of carbon made incandescent will combine with
the oxygen of the air and form carbonic acid gas. If a
little caustic soda or lime is in the vessel, this will ab-
sorb the gas in question, and on cooling there will be a
reduction of pressure of about 3 lb. to the square inch.

(2855) H. B. L. asks : What to put into

silver polish paste mixed with water to keep it from
drying up. A. Glycerine.

TO INVENTOBS.
An experience of forty years, and the preparation of
more than one hundred thousand applications for pa-
tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the
laws and practice on both continents, and to possess un-
equaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. A
synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all
foreign countries may be had on application, and persons
contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or
abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices,
which are low. in accordance with the times and our ex-
tensive facilities for conducting the business. Address
MUNN & CO.. office Scientific American, 361 Broad-
way, New York.

INDEX OF INVENTIONS

For which Letters Patent of the
Halted States were Granted

February 10, 1891,

AND EACH BEARING THAT DATE.

[See note at end of list about copies of these patents.]

Acid, apparatus for making sulphuric, B. & J.

Delplace

Air systems, automatic separator for compressed,

V. Popp...

Alloy, aluminum, J. A. Jeanoon

Animal trap, Q. R. Smith

Arc light, B. H.Mather

Arc light system, C. J. Schwarze

Atomizer. B. T. Kassel

Axles, device for securing wheels to, L. Faris

Axles, dust guard for car, W. McKenzie

Bake pan, A. J- lden

Baling press, J. W. Brown

Baling press, H. L. Whitman

Barrel stand and truck, tilting, R. K. Curtis

Bathtub, separable, M. Doeile

Bearings, lubricant lining for friction, \V. Friend,

Belt, II. lack

Belt gearing, M. Masters

Bench. See Shoemaker's bench.

Bicycle, S. A. Brown

Bicycle, Hibbert & Manuel

Bicycle, J. II. Kane

Bicycle. W. Scantlebury

Bicycle crank. V? Blakely

Bicycle seat, J. A. Lamplugh

Binding strap, L. L. Tower

Blastfurnace, 8. Parker

Block. See Lubricant block.

Board. See Game board. Ironing board.

Boiler. See Gas fired boiier. Paper pulp boiler.

Steam boiler.

Bolt or rod cutter, B. A. Munson

Bolts, dye for making, T.J. Bush

Book protector, Becker & Saggese

Book rest or support, adjustable. C. W. Becannon

Book stand, adjustable, A . (I. Bdgreu

Boots or shoes, blacking and burnishing, W. W.

Crooker(r)

Boring machine, A. M. Jewell 446,352.

Bottle cap, ejecting, O. P. Yule

Bottle case, 8. B. Hyndman

Bottle case, U. B. Marlow

BotMe, nursing. Balston & Rose..

Bottle, nursing, J. B. Monroe

Box. See Journal box. Letterbox. Matchbox.

Multiple call box.
Brake. See Car brake.

Brake mechanism. automatic, W. R. King

Brick machine, C. V. Hemenway

Brick or tile machines, cutting table for, J. A. &

F.B. Frey... ,

BridBB.M.C. Frits

Bridge, suspension. B. B. Runyon

Brush, blacking, W.J.Scott

Buckboard spring, W. H. Sparks

Bullet mould, J. H. Barlow.

446,060

446.014

446.351
446.119
446,1119
446.293
446,256
446.:tS5
446,003
445.996
446.128
446,311
416,404
446,164
445.989
446.186
446,407

446.181

446.098
446,354
446.175
4(6.280
446.365
446.110
446,168

446.381
446.281
446,052
446,278
446.331

. 11,144

446.353
446.314
446.319
446,122
446,091
446,116

Burne r. See Gas or hydrocarbon vapor burner.

Button fastener. J. H. Vinton

Cabie lifter. automatic. J. B. French ,»..

Camera. See Photographic camera.

Can for paint, etc C. F. AC. V. Stitea

Car brake, cable. J. F. Walte

Car coupling, W. Joanson

Car coupling W. I. & J. B. I^ankford

Car coupling, P. EI, Lewis

Car coupling, W. J. Walker

Car coupling, Q. W. Weller

Car fender and brake, combined street. G. T.

Hall

Car, railway, B. S. Benning

Car, railway, H. Marshal

Car rooting. A. W. Zimmerman

Car sarety platform, railway, S. L. Davis

Car seal, C. L. w heeler

Car, sleeping, B. G. Allen

Car track cleaner, oscillating, J. R. Chambers. ...
Cars, center bearing plate for platform. C. T.

| Schoen

Card or tioket case, A. A. Low

446.386
446.064

446.338
446,339
446.209
446.393
446.:l95
446,118

446.089
446,337

446.034

446.305
446.147
446,356
446.358
446.239
446,240

446.22?
446.065
446,070
446,244
448.129
448,107
446.315
446,326

446.296
446,069

Carding machines, flat supporting device for, J.

B. Prest 446.015

Carpet, J. W. Priestley 446,290

Carpet fastener. A. V. Wlskocil 446.198

Carpets, manufacturing figured pile, J. Dunlap 446,141

Cart, dumping, T. Klanigan 44>:,096

Cart, road, F. Weyandt, Jr 446,310

Case. See Bottle case. Card or ticket case. Lock

case.

Cash indicator and register, J. F. Goodridge 446.343

Cash register, C. H. Drury 446,330

Cash register and check machine, G. B. Massey... 440,262

Cash register and indicator, B. Moser 44';. 150

Ceiling, metallic, W. R. Kinnear 446,121

Chair. See Reclining chair. Tilting chair.

Chair, J. W. Craig 446.249

Check hook. K. G. Bareis 440.277

Churn, J. McBride 446,2*3

Churn closure, S. D. Palmer 416,391

Churn operating device, W.J. Knox 446,068

Cigar mould, A. Jaenicke 445,997,445.993

Cigar mould, Meyer & Huppmann-Gerard 446,000

Cigar or cigarette holder, B. B. Burr 446,377

Cleaner, See car track cleaner.
Closet. SeeCrematory closet.

Clothes drier, M. L. W. Martinot 446.260

Clothes drier, W. A. Newman 446.H62

Clothes line, H. B. Percival 446.007

Clothes line, pinless,H. B. Percival 446,006

Cock, cylinder. W. L. A W.C.Dodge 445.979

Cock for mixing gas and air. R. Goehde 446,. 141

Coin holder and package, J. Hock 446,185

Collar fastening, borse, Johnson & Reichert 446,099

Colored impreBBions, producing, R. Schorr 446,004

Cooking apparatus, electric. J. O'Meara 446.174

Copying, pad for rapid, Neuhaus & Daus 445,977

Cotton stalk puller, L. 1.. Womack 446.276

Cotton, storage of. L. Smith 446,028

CounterEhaft, A. D. Pentz 446,198

Coupling. See Car coupling. Shaft coupling.

Thill coupling.
Crane, counterbalanced jib, P. L. & A. A. Weiner 446.043

Crate, B. H. Flory 446.165

Creaming machine. D. M Weston 446.210

Crematory closet, ventilated. W. L. Fuller 446,340

Crupper fastening, G. H. Davis 446,380

Crushing machines, elevator and screen for, W.

H. Baxter 446.319

Culinary purposes, time alarm for. W. B. Groves.. 446,226

Cultivator, balanced. J. M. W. Long 446.388

Culvert, roofed, W. D. Harris 445.994

Cup. See Oil cup.

Cutter. See Bolt or rod cutter. Fruit and vege-
table cutter. Paper cutter. Vegetable cut-
ter.

Cuff, shirt, W. E. Slmonds 446,367

Cylinder lock, Sargent & Page 446.192

Cylinder lock. J. H. Shaw 446.176

Davit, boat, G. F. Lawley 446.357

Disinfecting navlng composition, J. Fottrell 446,285

Door check. L. B. Caldwell 446.322

Door check. F. L. Habilston 445.992

Door hanger track, A. L. & A. H. Scranton 446,103

Doors, pneumatic apparatus for operating, C. A.

Tucker 446.195

Drier. See Clothes drier.
Drill. See Grain drill.

Drilling device, track, B. F. Smith 446,023

Dust collector, H. BIttinger 446.053

Dust pan. C. L. Bellamy 446,225

Dye, yellow, W. Pfltzlnger 446,009

Dyeing straw goods, etc., apparatus for, J. A.

Young 446,050, 446,051

Electric cables, laying, C. IS. Wilson 446,214

Blectric currents, automatic potential regulator

for. A. L. Ellis 446.284

Electric machine and electrio motor, dynamo, B.

K. Brown 446,092

Electric motor regulator. L. S. Harris 446.229

Electric switch, B. A. Sperry 446,031

Electrode, secondary battery. M. M. M. Slattery.. 446,104
Elevator. See Pneumatic elevator.

Elevator, C. B. Ongley 416,187

Elevator, A. Sundh 446,397

Elevators, hoisting drum for, P. L. & A. A.

Weimer 446.014

Embroidering machine. H. Hochreutener 446,184

End gate, wagon. B. S. Kearney 446,232

Engine. See Rotary engine.

Engines, governing the movement of pistons in

steam, E. Hill 446.183

Envelope machine. D. Rau 446,124

Extractor. See Stump extractor.

Fan, automatic, T. R. Evans 416.204

Fanning mill, Pelzer & Werel 446,365

Fastening. W. S. RichardBOn 446,139

Feeder and band cutter, Clark & Greenlee 445.973

Fence, flood. Casselman & Fletcher 446.111

Fence machine, Cline & Detwiler 44*1,327

Fence, portable farm, Claussen A Jones 446,112

Fencing machine, slat and wire, R. Hoover 446.255

Fender. See Car fender.

Fertilizer, nitrogenous. J. Van Ruymbeke 446.08.8

Filing papers, etc., cabinet for S. G. Browne 446,160

Filter. H. Goodacre 440.342

Filter. J. 8. Roake 446.153

Fire armor, Finn & Pappa 446.131

Fireescape.G. Mulier - 446,001

Fire escape. F. Schnell, 8r 446,295

Fire indicator and extinguishing system, 8.

Broichgane 446.200

Fireplace. J. P. O'Brien 446.363

Fishing reel, J. B. Moscrop 446.102

Flour bolt. C. A. Schied 446,155

Food storing and preserving apparatus, L. Smith,

446.024, 446,025

Freezing apparatus, J . Erny et al 446.252

Fruit and vegetable cutter. C. H.Dana 446,379

Furnace. See Blast furnace. Hot air furnace.

Game board, Brown & Crosby 446,320

Garment supporter, S. C. Scantlebury 446,079

Gas, apparatus for the reduction of petroleum

into, K. Durr 445,982

Gas flred boiler. E. C. Jones 445,999

Gas mixing machine. J. Tayler 446.086

Gas or hydrocarbon vapor burner, Q. Roberts 446,016

QaB pipe screen, H. S. Hallwood 446,218

Gate. See End gate. Railway crossing gate.

Gate, F. C. Cash 446.325

Gate, R. 8. Taylor 446,302

Gearing mechanism, bacfe.B. G. Luther 446,233

Generator. See Steam generator

Glass beveling machine, P. Wlederer 446,196

Grain apron, J. E. Vanhorn 446,040

Grain drill, W. F. Hoyt 446.2:10

Grain silo, floating. L. Smith 416,027

Grain transfer, storage, and preservation station,

pneumatic, L.Smith 446.026

Grease, process of and apparatus for purifying,

G. Race 446,117

Grinding and polishing machine, B. E. Sperry 446.170

Grinding machine, A. B. I.andis 446.148

Grinding mill, J. * A.J.Jones 446,219

Guard. See Railwa y cattle guard.

Guns, safety device for breech-loading, F. A.

Hollenbeck 446,166

Handle. See Tool handle.

Harrow. Downey & Green 446.251

Harrow. M.J. Todd 446,105

Harrow and pulverizer, sulky, C. D. Roberts 446.408

Harvesting macnine, A. Rank, Sr 446.292

Hasp and staple, C. Hancock 446.173

Hasp lock. W. R. Morse 446,187

Hat making machines, expansible cone for, K. M.

Starr 446.396

Hay press, J. B.lBoresman 445.988

Hay rake.Slager* Linn 446.157

Heat regulating apparatus, G. L. Shorey 446,212

Heat regulating systems, switch board for, C. W.

Brieder . 445,970

Heater. See Hot air, steam, and hot water heat-
er. Water heater.

Heater. F. C. Peteler 448.008

Heel making machine, Fahnley & Taylor 446,334

Heel seat forming and edge setting machine, M.

L.Wright ..." 446,399

Heeling machine. Glidden & Elliott, 446.383

Hog trap. N. C. Bader 446.215

Holder. See Cigar and cigarette holder. Coin

holder. Jar holder. Map holder. Meat hold-
er. Paper holder. Photographic plate

holder.
Hook. See Check hook.

Horse checking device. Wardwell A White 446.126

Horse, controlling gear for draught, R. S. Kln-

kead 446,067

HorseBhoe blanks, machine for forming, W. J.

Kent 446.066

Hot air furnace. P. C. Moyt 446.222

Hot air. steam, and hotwater heater, combined,

W. H.Denslow 446.163

Hub, anti-friction, c. J. Applequlst 446,409

Hub, vehicle, J. T. Hart 446,347

Ice machine, B. J. Hardy 446,205

Ice making and refrigerating, T. Rose, 446.076

Ice tongs. J. Brinkerhoff , 446,171

Incubator. C. & E. Von Culin 446.090

Incubator, A. P. Hazard 446,133

Indicator. See Cash indicator. Fire indicator.

Station indicator.
Inkstands, fountain attachment for. J. V. Bergen 446,279
Insulating coupling block and cut-out, Berginann

& Klein 446,180

Insulator, electric, J. R. Branch 445,969

Iron bars or beams, machine for curving, B. F.

Haugh 446.132

Ironing board. A. Sommerfeld 416,169

Jack. See Pegging Jack. Truck jack.

Jar holder, fruit. H. A. Post

Joint. See Rail joint.

Journal box, automatically compensating, K. A.

Johansson

Keyboard instrument, transposing, A. Holm-

strom

Knit belts, joining. B. L. Stowe

Ladder. W. M. Dollar

Lamp. W. A. Wright.

Lamp, electric arc, R. II. Mather

Lamp, electric arc, C. J. Schwarze

Lamp extinguishing device, D. Murguletz. .. M —
Lamps, extensible bracket for electric. J. B.

Titus

Lamps, lens for signal or other, Thorne & Burr. . .

Land roller, w. R. Walker

Lantern, electric signal and search light, G. W.

Martin .

Lathe, pivot, J. Schweizer

Letter box, house door, I. G. Lane

Letter box, street, I. G. Lane

Level, S. J, Townsend

Lifter. See Cable lifter. Pan lifter.

Lightning rod, G. W. Downey

Liniment, P. Hebert

Link, split. W. E. Bailey

Lock. See Cylinder lock. Hasp lock. Permuta-
tion lock.

Lock. H. Ludwig

Lock, G. W. Wooley

Lock case, C. ft. Beebe

Locomotive, eiectric, G. R. Baldwin

Locomotive stopping and signaling mechanism,

J. C. Gross

Loom. etc.. circular, B. L. Stowe

Loom for weaving tufted fabrics, Wyman &

Webb

Loom for weaving tufted pile fabrifs, Wyman &

Clark

Loom, Jacquard mechanism, A. Turkington

Loom shuttle binder, J. W. Davis

Loom warp stop motion, C. I. Kane

Loom weft fork, P. En sling

Looms for weaving wire, take-up and let-off

mechanism for, C. S. Strowbridge

Loop and clamp, suspension, P. A. Harris

Lounge. R. S. Wrigbt

Lubricant block, W. Friend

Lubricator, J. Wood

Manhole cover. R. Munroe

Map holder. W. F. Semple

Match box and holding frame therefor, J. For-

sbaw

Mattress, woven wire. W. S. Seymour

Measuring vessel. H. W. Laun

Meat holder. R. W. Randle

Mechanical movement, G. W. Baker

Medicine, cough remedy, W. J. Corey

Metal planers, attachment for, C. H. Myers

Metallic surfaces, decorating, O. M. Smith

Milk liquidizing machine. G. Roth

Milk refrigerating and transporting can, P. M.

Forrester

Milk testing and separating machine, D.Cooper..
Mill. See banning mill. Grinding mill. Sawmill.

Windmill.
Minerals, machine for cutting , or slicing, W. B.

Dwight

Mines, system of electrical distribution for, E. A.

Sperry

Moistening and seating devices, fountain feed for,

P. J. Schreiber

Mould. See Bullet mould. Cigar mould.
Motor. See Tide motor.

Motor. J. R. G. Huffman

Mower, lawn, Dille & McGulre

Mowers, divider attachment for, M. Anthony.....

Multiple call box. F. B. Wood

MuBical instrument, J. L. DeGood

NeckBCarf, L. Eschner

Nut and pipe wrench, combined. D. H. Carpenter

Oil cup. W. A. Downes

Oil, lubricating, R. R. Graf

Oiler, F. P. Noera

Oiling device, windmill. W. R. Wright

Optometer, C. G. Stevens

Ore concentrator, M. Castelnau

Packing, rod, E. F. Peacock

Pad. See Stair pad.

Paint from residuum of vegetable oils, G. W.

Scollay

Paint, making, G. W. Scollay

Pan. See Bake pan. Dust pan.

Pan lifter and turner, J. Ericson

Paper cutter, A. Malm

Paper holder and cutter, roll, J, H. Cornellsun

Paper holder and cutter, roll, I,. Khrlich

Paper holder and cutter, roll, S. M. Friede

Paper bolder and cutter, roll, C. K. Pickles.

416,010 to 446.012,
Paper machines, stuff regulating apparatus for,

W. c. Edwards

Paper pulp boiler, S. R. Wagg

Pegging jack, J. .1. Wikle ...

Pen Hller, fountain, F. C. Brown

Permutation lock, J. B. Miller

Phosphate and making the same. J. Van Ruym-
beke

Photographic camera, F. W hitney

Photographic camera, C. Whitney,

446,368, 446,369, 446,372.
Photographic cameras, supply case for roll hold-
ers in. C. Whitney

Photographic plate holder. C. Whitney .. .440,570,

Piano damper, J. W. Granger

Plane, bench. J. Siegley

Planter, corn, J. D. Schofleld

Planter, potato, F*. Storck

Plastering, composition for, R. G. Farnham

Plow and fertilizer distributer, combined, S.

McLean

Pneumatic elevator and storage station, L. Smith
Pole safety attachment, vehicle, II. W. Roberts. .
Press. See Baling press. Hay press.
Printing and adding numbers, apparatus for, G.

B. Massey

Printing carpet yarns, apparatus for, W. Shaw

Protector. See Book protector.
Puller. See Cotton stalk puller.

Pump, force. F\ F. Dana her

Pump operating mechanism, C. A. Frost

Pumps, appliance for regulating the action of

windmill, A. O. Melaas

Quilting, D. H. Coles

Rail joint fastening. , I. R. Burgess

Rail joint, pressed steel. C. T. Schoen

Railway, Wegmann, Jr., & Bates

Railway and contact device therefor, electric, E.

M. Bentley '..

Railway brake shoe. P. Reilly

Railway, cable street, L. M. Clement

Railway cattle guard, J. T. Hall —

Railway crossing gate, F. M. Spaulding 446.082,

Railway, elevated. J. N. Valley 446.272.

Railway rails, combined support and fastening

for, T.J. Bush

Rail way signals, track instrument for, M. 8. Con-
ley

Railway tie, metallic. K. D. De Clements

Railway track, L. Chilson

Railways, electric signal system for, E. C. Wiley. .

Rake. See Hay rake.

Ratchet wrench and boring bit, combined, C. H.

M vers

Ratchet wrench and drill, C. II. Myers

Ratchet wrench and screwdriver, combined, C.

II. Myers

Reclining chair, W. Gratznowsky

Reel. See Fishing reel.

Register. See Cash register.

Regulator. See Electric motor regulator.

Rivet set-W. A. Wilson

Roaster. W. D. Stillman

Rod. See Lightning rod.
Roller. See Land roller.

Roofing paper, H. Cunningham

Roofing, sheet metal, J. L. Dickelmnn

Rope fastener, guy, A. L. Seelbach

Rotary engine, L. J. Everest

Roundabout, J. Frueh

Salts, treating Stassfurt, B. Peltzsch

Saw guide, band, C. E. Wright

Sawmill, band, E.S.Richards

Sawmill carriages, log turner for. Hall & Hweet-

ser

Sawmill, gang, T.S.Wilkin

Scale and indicator, automatic weighing, A. B.

Rover

Scale, weighing, J. P. West

Scoop, weighing, L. Bartlett

Screen. See Gas pipe screen. Window set een.

Seat. See Bicycle seat.

Seed, machine for removing lint from cotton, O.

T. Bugg

Sewing machine, C. E. Wheeler

Shaft coupling, G. C. Pyle

Sheet metal cutting machine, C. Willis

Sheet metal for ceilings, etc.. decorating, B. Putt-

mann *

Shoe expander, G. E. Hadlund....* *

Shoemaker's bench, G. W. Ludlow

Shoe tip. A. II ansen

Shoes, clamp for holding vamps and quarters for,

K. B. Stlmoson

Shutter fastener, R. J. Berdan —

Signaling apparatus, air, ti. B. Williams

Slime, etc., sizing apparatus for, C. A. B.

Melnlcke

446..S84

446,289
446,084
44fi,9a0
4(6,400
446,108
446J2..7
446,361

446.037

446,:<04
446.306

446,142
446,211
446.2.5S
446,267
446.033

446,130
445,995
446,317

446,101

446,375
446.246
446.245

446.288
446.085

446,177

418,402

446.BS
446,113
416,100
446,094

446.035

446,206
446,243
445,988
446,049
446.151
446.021

446,336
446,193
446,259
446.268
446.318
446.058
446.074
44630
446,077

446,254
446.248

445,98 1
446.030
446,081

446,134
446.329
446,316
446.199
445,978
446.253
446.324
446,260
446.344
446.136
446.401
446.032
446.055
446, .144

446.018
446.019

416.114

446.359
415.975
416.: 32
445,987

446,336

415.985
446.1141
446.312
446.202
446,071

446.087
446.045

446,374

446.373
446.371
446.097
446.194
446.118
446,271
446,382

446.389

446.029
446,269

446.261
446,20)

446.283
446,990

446,410

446.328
445,971
446.017
446.106

446 376
416.236
4(6.221
446.228
446.08.3
446.273

446,282

446,403
446,405
446.161
446,313

446.075
446,073

446.072
446.062

446.048

446,03.3

446.145

446.217
446.020
446.061
446.182
446.267
446.127
446.293

446.346
446.197

446.208
446.309
446.179

446.321
446.398
446,12.3
446,241

446.191
446.063
446.135
446,146

446.166
445.968
444W75

446.141

©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

124

Scientific Amtiwu.

[February 21, 1891.

Snow plow. A. Gardiner 440,286

Soldering irons, heating, F. 8. Robinson 446,151

Soldering machine, can, A. D. Coleman 44H.IH2

Sole trimmer, rotary. W. Polley ... 446.013

Spinning spindle support, J. W. Parkin 44H.207

Spirals, apparatus for forming, H. H.Warren 446,042

Sprint;. See Buck hoard spring. Vehicle spring.

Stair pad, T. S. Sperry 446.213

Stamps, device for moistening and affixing post-
age. W. W. Hamilton 445.994

Stanchion, J. McBride 446,264

Stand. See Barrel stand. Book stand.

Station indicator, F. S- Wilson 446,120

Steam boiler, Clark & King 446.093

Steam engine. R. W. Basom 445,907

Steam generator and fl usher, Koetzner & Living-
ston 446,224

Step, folding. J ordan & Eller 446,:i85

Stereopticon. A. T. Thompson 446,2*8

Stoker, mechanical, J. B. Ward 446,274

Stove shelf. A. A.Gaston 446,115

Street sweeper, A. J. Whitiier 446.046

Stump extractor, B. Montross.... 446,224

Supporter. See Garment supporter.

Suppository, E G- Kberhardt 445,984

Switch. See Electric switch.

Switch and signal apparatus, Westinghouse, Jr.,

& Schreuder 446,159

Syringe, E. Schirmer 446,125

Telegraphs, electro-mechanical indicator for fire-
alarm, T. F. Gaynor 445.9U1

Telephone transmission, J, W. McDonough 41HJ8S

Tellurian, W. H. shera 446.U22

Thermometer, clinical, J. Wall 446,140

Thill coupling, C. E. Carpenter 440.32:1

Thill coupliog. A. Paul ... 446,0)5

Thill couplings, anti-rattler for, A. H. Terry 446.036

Thrashing machine, E. McDonald 446,234

Tide motor. G. M. Copeland 446,057

Tie. See Railway tie.

Tiles, lens for illuminating, P. H. Jackson 446,350

Tilting chair, W. Schrage 446,080

Tobacco spraying machine, J. T. Carter 446,247

Tobacco stringer, B. S. Kearney 446,231

Tongue attachment. O. J. Snyder 446,237

Tongue support, W D. Napier 446.152

Tool, compound, J. Caldwell 445,»72

Tool handles, device for securing, M. Daily 44.5.W6

Toy gun, C. A. Ellis 446.333

Toy, musical. A, Ij. Brown 446.201

Toy or game, E. J. Bond 446,054

Trap. See Animal trap. Hog trap.
Trimmer. See Sole trimmer.

Track, car, H. fr\ Probert 446.392

Truck jack, railwav, J. C. Carbine 446,378

Tub. See Bath tub.

Tug. shaft, G.C. Paine 446,390

Turbines, water conductor for, J. Graham 446,287

Type distributing machine, J. Patten 446,235

Typewriters, blankbook lor. J. H. Fitzgerald 446.095

Typewriting machine, \V. S. Dodge 446.381

Typewriting machine, S. J. Seif ried 446.394

Urinals, discharge pipe for, L. J. Griffin 446.345

Valve, W. H. Crawford 446,059

Valve, back pressure. J. H. McGowan 446,002

Valve for steam enaines. oscillating, J. Cheek... . 446,056

Valve gear, M. Greenwood 446,406

Vegetable cutter. A. G. & tt. J. Kyle 446,167

Vehicle, Coonse & I larris 446,172

Vehicle spring, K, Cook 44A974

Vehicle spring support, Cochennour & Remy 446.203

Velocipede saddle, J. A. Little 446.387

Vending machine, C. L. Wickham 446,047

Vending machines, coin chute for, C. H. Thomp-
son 446.303

Vise, blacksmith's, A. K. Hathaway 446,348

Vise, pipe, R. R. Rouse 446,018

Vulcanizing apparatus, R. W. Barney... 446,216

Wagon, dumping, .1. T. Dougine 445,981

Wagon, dumping. W. E. Welch 446,308

Waistband. F. Spitz 446,270

Wall and ceiling polish. T. J. Neavitt 446,265

Washing machine. J. Schrib 446,144

Water heater, T. E. Spencer 446.301

Waterproof material, preparing, H. A. Schles-

inger 446.294

Water purifier and scale arrester. B. F. Field (r).. 11,143
Weighing and picking machine, automatic, J. A.

Ostenberg 446,266

Wheel rim, hollow. A. H. Overman 446,189

Whiffietree, W. H. Sholl.... 446,156

Windmill, CO. Weidman 446,307

Window. screeD, rolling. L. T. Wilson 446.242

Wrench. See Nut and pipe wrench. Ratchet
wrench.

Wrench, P. W. Lownes 446,220

Wrench, J. Mattan 446,143

Wrench, W. J. Pugh 446,291

^CtXperti^emente.

Inside Page, ench Insertion - - - T5 cents a line*
Back Page, ench Insertion - • • 81.00 n line.

The above are charges per agate line—about eight
words per line. This notice shows the width of the line,
and is set in agate type. Engravings may head adver-
tisements at the same rate per agate line, by measure-
ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be
received at publication office as early asThursday morn-
ing to appear in next issue.

USE ADAMANT WALL PLASTER

ItisHard, Dense* and Ad*

hesi ve. Does not check or crack.
It is impervious to wind, water,
and disease germs. It dries in a
_ f ew hours. It can be applied in
^any kind of weather. It is in gen-
eral use. Licenses granted for the
mixing,using, and selling.

Address ADAMANT MFG. CO.

301) E. Genesee !>t.,

Syrucuae. N. V.

STEREOTYPING; THE PLASTER AND

Paper Processes.— Composition and preparation of the
mould, the best alloys of metal and proper degree of
beat, trimming and mending the plate, etc. A minute
description of both processes, with numerous illustra-
tions. A paper of great interest to every printer. By
Thomas Bolas, K.C.S., F.l.C. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
Supplements, 773 and 774. 10 cents each.

"Star"

Foot Lathe

Swingg

9x26 in.

L
A

Screw Cut-
ting Auto-
matic CroBi
Feed, etc

LATHE

Seneca Falls Mfg . Co.. 695 Water St., Seneca Falls, N. Y

The Sebastian-May Co.

Improved Screw Cutting

Foot&f AmrrriC!

Powerij A 1 AJJW

Drill Presses, Chuck s. Drills, Dogs,
and Machinists' and Amateurs*
Outfits. Lathes on trial. Cata-
logues mailed on application.
165 to 167 Highland Ave.,
SIDNEY, OHIO.

TRADE MARKS.

Alcohol, species of wood, Hansen & Smith 18,97?

Ale, W. Rutledge 18,956

Bacon, F.WhittakerA Sons 18,963

Baking powder F. F. Jaques 18.978

Beef, liquid extract of. C. W. & It. B. Robison .... 18.957

Beer, National Brewing Company 18,997. 18.998

Beer, layer. KnoxvilleBrewing Company 19,010

Beverage containing ginger, W. C. Hickox 18.953

Boot and shoes. Rice & Hutchins 18,971

Boots, shoes, and slppers, M. Woodbury 18.074

Brandy, E. R. Martin & Co 18,983

Catsups, taole sauces, pickles, and relishes, Mul-

len-Blackledge Company . . 18,996

Chains, vest, D. C. Percival &Co 19,011, 19.012

Cigars, S. Azcano 18,9tU, 18,9*15

Cigars, Riehman & Peterson 1M7U

Clothing for men and boys, O. Wilensky, . 18,9ti2

Disinfectant and insect destroyer, R. li. Smither.. 19,013
Embroidery materials, plush and chenille orna-
ments, and trimmings for upholstery, Kamp-

mann & Meyer 18.9S0

Fringes, Kampmann &, Meyer 18,969

Garment called an ulster, outside, Standard Cloth-
ing Company 18,959

Hams, shoulders, sides, and bacon, Silberhorn

Company 18.985

Hooks for machine belting, W. O. Talcott 18.973

Lard, Silberhorn Company 18,984

Medicinal purposes, liquid preparation for, H. M.

Johnson 19,009

Mineral water, Panacea Springs and Hotel Com-
pany.. 18,960

Porcelain, crockery, earthenware, glass, and

faience, K. Gerard, Dufraisseix & Morel 18,993

Remedy for catarrh and hay fever, Dalrymple,

Warner&Co 18.976

Remedy for nervous diseases, J. Robertson 18,958

Sheet iron, tin, and terne plates, and lead coated

sheets, E. P. & VV. Baldwin 18,967

Soap, laundry and toilet, B. A. Lynde & Son Com-
pany 18.954

Soap, toilet and laundry, Colgate & Co 18,951

Tin and terne plates, Birchgrove Steel Company,

1S.9TJ, 18,936
Tin and terne plates and black plates of Bessemer

steel, A. Baldwin & Company 18.966

Tin plate in sheets. Cwmfelin Tinplate Company.. 19,015
Tin plate in sheets, D. Edwards & Co..

18,992, 19.004 to 19.008

Tin plate in sheets, D. Whitehouse 19.001 to 19,003

Pin plate in sheets. Port Talbot Tinplate Company

18.999, 19.000

Tin plate in sheets, R. Rosser, Son & Co 18.995

Tin plates, Cwmfelin Tinplate Company 19.014

Tin plates, Knight & Crowther 18.979

Tin plates. Phillips. Nunes&Co 18.981

Tin plates, R. Rosser. Son & Co 18,994

Tin plates, Webb, Sbakspeare & Williams,

18,975, 18,987 to 18,991

Whisky. G. S. Fleming 18,952

Whisky, Rheinstrom Bros 18.983

Whisky, P. Van Schaack & Sons 18,961

Wines and liquors, Metzger & Seligmann 18,955

Yeast cakes, Henninger Bros 18,968

ROCK DRILLS

AIR COMPRESSORS.

MINING AND QUARRYING MACHINERY,

Ingersoll-Sergeant Drill Co.

No. 10 PARK PLACE, NEW YORK.

Send for Complete Priced Catalogue.

Applied mechanics. A Manual of. By William
John Macquom Rankine. With numerous diagrams.
Twelfth edition, thoroughly revised by W.J. Millar, C.B.
London. 1888 $3.00

Constructive Steam Engineering. A Descrip-
tive Treatise on. Embracing engines, Pumps, and Boil-
ers, and their Accessories and Appendages. ByJ.M.
Whitbam, M.E..C.E. One vol., large octavo. 90c pages.
800 illustrations. Handsomely bound in cloth. Just pub-
lished. 1891 $10.00

Engineer, Millwright* and
ket Companion Templeton's,

PARAB0L0N MAGIC LANTERN

No. 45. Price $45.00.

Particularly suitable for making
Bromide Enlargements and pro-
jecting Lantern Transparencies.
We make several other styles
singly and in pairs, for use with
Oil or Lime light. Our Oxy-Hy-
droijen Jets and Oil Lamps are in-
terchangeable on all our lanterns.
Special facilities on the premises
for the production of Apparatus
and Lantern Slides. Mr. F. B. Mytinger, formerly of Mu-
seum of Natural History, has charge of our Slide Color-
ing. Slides to order frvm Amateur Negatives. Correspon-
dence solicited. J. B, COLT & CO.,
16 lleekman Street. New York City, U. S. A.

ROCK DRILLS^

AIR COMPRESSORS &;

GENERAL MACHINERY roRg

Mining Tunneling, yu "' xi

RAND DRILLCo23ParkPiacenewyof

ICE-BOATS — THEIR CONSTRUCTION

an d management . With working drawings, details, and
directions in full. Four engravings, showing mode of
construction. Views of the two fastest ice-sailing boats
used on the Hudson river in winter. By H. A. Horsfall,
M.E. Contained in Scientific American Supple-
ment, 1. The same number also contains the rules and
regulations for the formation of ice-boat clubs, the sail-
ing and management of ice-boats. Price lQcentB.

Fine Taps, Dies, Reamers, Etc.

lightning and Green River Screw Plates.

BoltCutters, Hand and Power Drilling Machines, Punch-
ing Presses, Tire Benders, Tire Upsetters, and oth-
er Labor Saving Tools. Send for Price List.

WILEY & RUSSELL MFG. CO., Greenfield, Mass.

New York Office, 126 Liberty Street.

S3 PRINTING PRESS. gSHS

Do all your own
Ing. Save

. __ e y. C a t a-

logue for two stamps. Kelsey & Co., Meriden, Conn.

DESIGNS.

Badge. L. E. Stilz. 20.511

Box, W. C. Estes 20,519

Brooch or similar article, E. P. Beach 20,518

Button, E. Harrimrton 20.517

l«"ence strand, B K. Hathaway 20,512, 20,513

Handle for spoons, etc., W. B. Jones 20,5u9

Scarf pin. E. P. Beach 20.508

Spoon, W. L. Willis 30.510

Type, font of printing, Hazlett & West 20,514

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Mechanic'* Pnc-

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Engineer's Hourly Log Book. Arranged tore-
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and averages of the following: Boiler pressure. Fuel
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Hydraulics. Hydraulic Power and Hydraulic Ma-
chinery. By Henry Robinson. With numerous wood
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Hydraulic Motors. Turbines and Pressure En-
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Hydraulics. Practical Hydraulics. A series of rules
and tables for the use of engineers, etc. Thos. Box.
Ninth edition. 80 pages, with 8 plates. 12mo, cloth.
1889 $2.00

Mechanics of Engineering. (Fluids.) A treatise on
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Mechanical Drawing Self-Taught. Comprising
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Mechanical Movements. Five Hundred and Sev-
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Mechanical Text Bookj or, Introduction to the
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Third edition. London $3.75

Mine Engineering. A Practical Treatise on. By
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Mining Machinery,, Containing Illustrations De-
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cloth. London, 1889 $ 1 .00

The Practical Steam Engineer's Guide. In
the Design Construction and Management of American
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Pumps and Pumping. A Handbook for Pump
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London, 1889 $1.00

Pump In tr. Engine. Practical Handbook on Direct-
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Pumping Engine and Steam Pump Construe*

tlon* Practical Handbook on Direct-Acting. 123 pages,
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Steam Boilers, their Management and Working on
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Steam Boiler Catechism. A Practical Book for
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Water Supply. Notes on Water Supply In New
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Water Supply, Drainage, and Sanitary Appliances
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Thermodynamics of the Steam Engine and
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Thermodynamics, Heat Motors, snd Refrig-
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The Young Mechanic. Practical Carpentry. Con-
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The Complete Practical Machinist. Embracing
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Df fit? DD11UTP Paper, Superior Quality.
DLUL rtflll 1 Photographic Supplies.

•aBam^a^MaaMaMaMMaB.^ Send f or catalogue.

T. H. McCO LION & CO., 1030 Arch Street, Philadelphia.

REFRACTORY MATERIALS.-BY T.

Egleston, Ph.D.— A valuable review of the question of
the refractory substances used in modern metallurgy.
Refractory substances, Ore brick materials, mixtures
and treatment, tempering fluxes, essential qualities of
good Are (nicks, etc. Investigations of refractory mate-
rials. Contained in Scientific American Supplkmknt,
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at this office and from all newsdealers.

CUSHM
Complete line
Illustrate
Cushman Ch

AN CHUCK

for all uses shown in new
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Chuck Co., Hartford, Conn.

s

'BARGAINS,,';"*

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BICYCLES

J with no extra charge. Mfr, Price Ours
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Mercury Diamond Safety, all steel " $100 *75
SprinKfleld Roadster, headers imposs " S120 *70
goAmer. Champion, highest grade, " $100 $60
Others as cheap,ail makes new or'Mhd.lOwest prices
Catalree. Eouse.Hazard&Co., 16 G St, Peoria, 111.

Have yon a Thought

That you want to make work ? The way
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work) is to put it into a machine. We
have a shop on purpose. Will send a
primer first.

The Jones Brothers Electric Co. CinTi, O.

PROPOSALS.

proposals for Building Dike.— Engineer Of-
* fice, U. S. Army, Nashvi lie, Tenn., January 27, 1891.
Sealed proposals, in triplicate, will be received atthis
office until 3P.M, Friday, February 27, 1891, for furnish-
ing materials and constructing Dike at Smithland, Ky.
Bidders are invited to be present at the opening of the
bids. The United States reserves the right to reject any
or all proposals. The attention of bidders is invited to
the Acts of Congress npproved February 26, 1885, and
February 23, 1887. Vol. 23, page 332, and Vol. 24, page 414,
Statutes at Lnrge. Specifications and blank forms for
proposals will be furnished on application at this office.
J. W. BARLOW, LieuL-Col* of Engineers.

WA 'KPT'V.TI Selling Agents for Electrical
**■■*■' ****»■ Novelties. Battery Motors
surprise electrical experts. Stamp for catalogue.
$10 per day made. BUSH CO., 24 Park Place, New York.

RITKGLAR ALARM.— Price $1.50, by mail. Terrl-
mm torial Rights for sale. Agents wanted. Address with
stamp, Rev. g. W. Wilt, Clifton Mills, Preston Co., W.Va.

DEAF

NE88 AND HEAD NOISES CORED

by Peck'slnvlaible Ear Cushions. Whispersheard.
Saccessful w_hen all remedies fall. Sold CDCE

byF.Hrsoox,853B , way > N.¥. Write lor book of proofs I

HAMTCDfi PROGRESS MACHINE WORKS,

PULLEYS

FRICTION CLUTCHES: 44

'arb.

KT.

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THE FRED K CRANE CHEMICAL Co

1 SHORT HILLS. N. J. -BOX 9IAt

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MG. ENAMEL

ERS. VARNISH. SE

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A BOON TO THE DEAF I

Osgood's No. 1 Hearing
Horn is the only instru-
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deaf. Made from best bell
metal, and will last for
years. Carried in the pock-
et and used in public with-
out attracting attention.
Price $5. Sent C. O. D.
May be returned after 2
weeks' trial if not found satisfactory.
OSGOOD BROS., Cor. 7th St. & Broadway, Oakland, Cal.

The most Sueceftsful Lubricator
for Loose Pulleys In u*e.
VAN DUZEN'S PATENT
LOOSE PULLEY OILER

Highly recommended by those who have
used them for the p&st four years. Prices
very reasonable. Every user of machin-
ery should have our " Catalogue No. 56,"
sent free. Mention this paper.
TAN DUZEN & TIFT, Cincinnati, Ohio.

ELECTRO MOTOR. SIMPLE. HOW TO

make. ByG. M. Hopkins.— Description of asmalleleciro
motor deviped and constructed with a view to assisting
amateurs to make a motor wnich might be driven with
advantage by a current derived from a battery, and
which would hiive sufficient power to operate a foot
lathe or any machine requiring not over one man power,
with 11 figures. Contained in «H*:nTTfiC American
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STEEL TYPE FOR TYPEWRITERS

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©1891 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.

126

jftitutiiit ^mtituvu

[February 21, 1891.

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Victor Bicycles!

For the season of '91 we have ex-
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OVERMAN WHEEL CO.

Makers of VICTOR BICYCLES,

Boston, Washington, Denver, San Francisco.
Office and Factory, Clilcopee Falls. IVIass.

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BASE BALL. - A. DESCRIPTION OF

the great national game of the United states, by an
English writer. J no. Newton Crane, with dttigram of
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entific Am KUIC AN Sl't'i'LKMKNT, No. «»!*3. Price
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THE COPYINO PAD.— HOW TO MAKE

and how to use; with an engraving. Practical directions
how to prepare the gelatine pad, and also theaniiineink
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COMPTOMETER

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Solved rapidly and accurately
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FELT & TARRANT MFG.CO., 52 -56 Illin ois St., Chicago,

THTDAiMLER MOTOR

THE DAIMLER MOTOR CO.

is prepared to furnish 1, 2, and 4 Horse Power
GAS or PETROLEUM MOTORS

for all Industrial Purposes. Fully illustrated catalogue
and price list on application. Motors in operation at
Works, Steinway , Long Island City.
Office* 11 1 East 14th Street, New York City.

NUT TAPPING

MACHINE.

DURRELL'S PATENT.

No. 1 Machine. 900 lb., 7 spindles.

-2 " 1,060 " 7 "

•• 2 " 600 " 8

Capacity of 7 Spindles, 8,000 per

10 hours.

Acknowledged to be an indispeu*-

able tnnl Manufactured by

ffltl. B. LOCK.

Buffalo, N. Y.

POPE MFG. CO., 77 Franklin Street, BOSTON.

Branch Houses: 12 Warren St., NEW YORK, 291 Wkbun
An, CHICAGO. Factory, HABTFOBD, CONN.

THE MARINE ENGINE— BY A. E.

Seaton, M.I.C.E.. M.l.M.E. An interesting paper In
which is traced the development of the marine engine
and its appurtenances, and the general progress that has
taken place in marine engineering generally during the
past fifteen years. Contained in Scientific American
Supplement. Nos. 773 and 774. Price 10 cents each.
To be bait at this office and from all newsdealers.

_CSI3NTE TOOZifl

Engine Lathes, Planers, Shapers, Turret ^^
Lathes, etc. tW Send for Catalogue. »*^
THE HEN DET MACHINE CO., TOKKINGTON, CONN.

M J

2 to 40 H. P.

Icobohj, Reliability,
SibvpIlfltLT, Safeij.

THe Motor of 19th Centnry

Can be used Any Place, to do Any
Work, and by Any t>ne. No Boiler!
No hire! No Steam! No Ashes!
No Gauges! No Engineer ! A per-
fectly safe Motor for all places and
purposes. Cost of operation about one
cent an hour to each indicated horse
power. For circulars, etc., address

Charter Gas Engine Co.

P.O. Box H8. Sterling. HI.

ON GAS ENGINES. — A VALUABLE
paper by E. Delamare-Debouttevllle. touch! ne upon the
history of gas motors in general, and describing in de-
tail the " Simplex '' engine invented by the -author and
Mr Maandin. With 33 figures. Contained in Scientific
Amkrican supplement. Nos. 7 1 5 and ?lti. Price
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PATENT JACKET KETTLES

Plain or Porcelain Lined.
Tested to 100 lb. pressure. Send for Lists.

BARROWS-SAVERY CO..
S. Front & Reed Streets, Philadelphia. Pa.

NEW KODAKS

" You press the button,
we do the rest."

Seven New
Styles and
Sizes

ALL LOADED WITH

Transparent
Films.

For sale by all Photo. Stock Dealers.

THE EASTMAN COMPANY,

Send for Catalogue. IIUCBBSIKR. if. Y.

« » \AI C Warned 60.000 Sawyers O » yLM M
23** *— O and Lumbermen to O #* W ^%

A send us their full address for a copy of Em. .
erson's jy Book of SAWS, new 1S90 edl- A
tion. We are first to introduce Natural #%
WGaS for heating arid tempering Saws with.m.
wonderful effect upon improving their qual- Vw
ity and toughness, enabling us to reduce ww
S prices. Address E.HKRSON, SMITH O
& CO. (Ltd.). Beaver Falls, Pa. O

CHANDLER & TAYLOR COS

.Self-contained STEAM rMHIKirn

■«BSK7\ ENblNES

>"«■"• 1>M — Jk 1 2 to 80 H , P.

IN STOCK FOR QUICK

DELIVERY.
For Catalogue "8," address

CHANDLER & TAYLOR CO., INDIANAPOLIS, IND

Scientific gook C atalogue

RECENTLY PUIIIMSHKD.

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THE STEAM ENGINE; ITS PRINCI-

ples, Its development, its future and perfection —A pa-
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of the steam engine, and discussing the principles upon
whleb it operates and which limit its capacity. With 2
figures. Contained in scientific Amrric»n Supple-
ment, No, «M<i. Price 10 cents. To be had at this
office and from ail newsdealer*.

gfefe PERFORATED METALS? MINING SCREENS,

vAz' i Coal-'Ore Separators, Revolving»»° Shaking screens

;S& STAMP BATTERIES

f MILLING -MINING MACHINERY-

HARRINGTON & KING PERFORATING® .CHICAGO.

new York Office, 284 Pearl Street.

Usually STRAIGHTWAY

VALVES

have a Wheel Handle, but the

Handy has a Lever,, and is more simple.

compact, and consequently better. It

is the Common Sense Gate Valve

for steam, water, gas, oils, etc.

WRITE FOR COMPLETE CATALOGUE.

The Lunkenheimer Brass Mfg. Co.

13-17 E. 8th St., Cincinnati, O.

J ENKINS R ROS. V ALVES I

JENKINS BROS., 71 John St., N. Y.; lOoMilkSt.,
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WORKING MODELS ^t^'Sl^Z'^

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ft i

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TrtOMrNSDEVUHJfCO.t '■;:„„„,«

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95 MILK ST., BOSTON, MASS.

This Company owns the Letters Patent
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Experimental Science

BY

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I ti t e re s t i n % Experi-
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